history

Social

Dealing with society and people. How They impact and interact with one another.

Ex. class, race, gender, ethnicity. environment, etc.

Economic

Dealing with money. Helps us understand how
different economic systems and policies Impact history.

Ex. trade, industry, wealth, etc.

Political

Dealing with government and politics. Helps us understand how different political systems and Ideologies have impacted history.

Ex. Legislation, Laws, power structure, etc.

Urban

relating to a town or cIty

Characteristics: populated cities, factories

Rural

relating to the countryside

Characteristics: less populated, lower cost of living

Agrarian

relating to the cultivation of land: farmer way-of-life.

Characteristics: farming lifestyle, promote agricultural interests

Federal

Relating to the whole country.

The laws put in place by the federal gov't are for EVERYONE In the nation. This is the highest Level of

government.

Regional

Relating to a particular region. or section, of the country.

Local

Relating to a particular state or neighborhood.

Local govt's are the lowest tier of government.The

Local govt's provide public services (transportation, health and safety. etc.)

Impeach

When a

Legislative body (Congress)

brings charges against a public official (does

NOT remove someone from office)

Executive

Having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect (a power given to the President)

15th Amendment

Extended suffrage to African American men

Sharecropping

Type of debt peonage. Freedmen and other poor farmers worked on farms for wealthy landowners who charged high prices to rent the land and tools.

This left the freedmen and poor farmers in a cycle of debt similar to slavery

Circumvent

To get around, or to avoid, something.

Suffrage

Another way to say voting rights or the right to vote

Grandfather Clause

A voter restriction that said people must have an ancestor who voted in the election of 1860 in order to have the right to vote. This negatively affected African Americans because the 15th amendment (right to vote) was not passed until 1869 so none of their ancestors satisfied the conditions of the grandfather clause and so African Americans were further denied the right to vote.

• This also allowed poor white voters to bypass the literacy test and poll taxes

Plessy V. Ferguson

Supreme Court case. The decision in this case upheld the practice of segregation in the US. This case is associated with the phrase "separate but equal”

Democratic

Political Ideology that the United States has. focuses on the ideas of democracy.

System where the power is determined by the people (voting).

Communism

Economic system where all property is controlled by the government.

Everyone is supposed to share the wealth they create.

Foreign

policies between two or more countries

Ex. trade agreements with other countries, treaties ending wars between 2 or more countries

Domestic

policies that affect or apply to the people within that singular country

Ex. Constitutional rights, law enforcement, social welfare

Legislation

Laws, or anything pertaining to a formal policy or declaration of a policy.

Ex. acts. amendments. bills, etc.

Reform

A formal policy to change something. typically. to improve it.

Amendment

a correction, changing of, or addition to a legal document (The US Constitution).

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship rights to African Americans and extended equal protection of the constitution regardless of race.

Required that no state laws that violated the equal protection of the constitution--this is the part that overturns Black Codes

Nadir of Race Relations

Nadir means low point. This phrase refers to the time period post-reconstructions due to the negative experiences freedmen are facing with post-slavery world.

These negative experiences are: sharecropping, Jim Crow Laws, segregation, the violence of the KKK, etc.

Veto

This is a power of the President. It allows them to deny a proposed law.

Debt Peonage

Also known as debt slavery. System that has people in debt working in typically hard labor to pay off their debt.

Objectionable

To disagree with or be in opposition to.

• Example: The South would be objectionable the Radical Republicans reconstruction plan because it was harsh on the south.

Johnson’s Plan

Required 10% of the voters from a Southern state to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and pledge to abolish slavery (13th Amendment). Additionally his plan granted Amnesty or pardons for former confederate leaders and provided no civil rights or protections for formerly enslaved people.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Lincoln's reconstruction plan required 10% of the voters from a Southern state to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and pledge to abolish slavery (13th Amendment), in order for Southern states then re-enter the Union.

Radical Republican Plan

Required Southern states to ratify the 13th 14th and 15th amendments in order to be readmitted to the Union. The plan banned former confederate leaders from holding political office and government positions.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Set up federal military districts in the South to ensure states follow the Reconstruction policies (referring to 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments)

Popular Sovereignty

A concept that allowed people of a state or territory to vote on whether or not they wanted to allow slavery in their state or territory.

Freedmen's Bureau

An organization created to assist newly freed Bureau people. The assistance the Bureau gave included education, healthcare, housing assistance, legal assistance and more.

13th Amendment

This ended slavery completely in the US.

Amnesty

To be forgiven for your crimes.

Carpetbaggers

NORTHERNERS who moved south to profit and take advantage of the war torn, destroyed economy. Viewed as outsiders. Disliked.

Military Distrcts

After the war, the South was split up into military districts to ensure the enforcement of reconstruction policies.

Anaconda Plan

Union (Northern) military strategy to surround Southern ports to cut them off from supplies and aid. Also known as a military blockade or Scott's Great Snake. It was successful in helping to defeat the south.

Border States

States in between the North and South. They DO support slavery BUT they DID NOT secede with the Confederacy. • The Emancipation Proclamation DID NOT affect these states.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Essentially canceled out the Missouri Compromise. Allowed both states to use popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery EVEN THOUGH Nebraska is NORTH of Missouri. • This is considered one of the causes of the war: failure to compromise.

Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state and the new territories of New Mexico and Utah were allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery. Also created the Fugitive Slave Law which forced northern free states to return any escaped slaves to the south.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri was allowed to become a state as a slave state BUT Maine was then admitted as a FREE | state. Established that states above Missouri could not be slave states in the future.

Dred Scott Decision

This case was decided BEFORE the Civil War. A Supreme Court (federal government) decision that established that a freed slave living in a free state was not allowed the same rights as an American citizen. This case was decided BEFORE the Civil War. A Supreme Court (federal government) decision that established that a freed slave living in a free state was not allowed the same rights as an American citizen.