Studied by 5 peoplevalence electron
electrons in the outermost energy level
oxidation number
a number that represents the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom or group of atoms
atomic radius
the distance from the nucleus to the outer edge of the electron cloud
ionization energy
energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
polar covalent bond
bond in which electrons are not shared equally
molar mass
mass of one mole (units g/mole), found on PT
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds, smallest individual particle of a molecular compound
cation
positive ion
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solution
products
formed as a result of a chemical reaction
chemical formula
expression that use the atomic symbol to indicate the type of atoms or ions present and subscripts to indicate how many atoms or ions are present
mole
metric unit used to measure the amount of a substance; one mole is the amount of a pure substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, ions, molecules or formula units)
electronegativity
indicates the relative ability of an element’s atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond
ionic bond
bond in which electrons are transferred, ions are held together by the attraction between opposite charges
VSEPR Theory
 bonds and unshared pairs are oriented around the central atom so that the electrons are oriented as far apart as possible
formula unit
lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound
octet rule
atoms will gain, lose or share electrons to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas
solvent
able to dissolve solutes in a solution
single replacement
chemical reaction that occurs when the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
chemical reactivity
the tendency of a substance to lose, gain or share electrons in a system
dipole
region in a molecule with an excess or lack of electrons
empirical formula
a chemical formula that shows the smallest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound
nonpolar covalent bond
bond in which electrons are being shared equally
molecular formula
a chemical formula that specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
anion
negative ion
stoichiometry
the study of quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants used and products formed by a chemical reaction
solution
mixture of solvent (normally water) and a solute
reactants
starting substance in a chemical reaction
double replacement
a chemical reaction that involves the exchange of positive ions between two compounds and produces either a precipitate, a gas or water
chemical equation
statement using chemical formulas to describe the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
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