Immuno Chapter 12 Pt 1 - Vaccines

what is the purpose of a vaccine?

stimulate the adaptive immune system to create a memory

antigen coming to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood

memory B cell

APC that must present the antigen on MHC II

memory helper T cells

infected cell which must present the antigen on MHC I

memory killer T cells

what vaccine type is generated based on organisms that are living but virulence/ability to replicate are diminished

attenuated vaccines

what type of vaccine is composed of dead organisms (physical or chemical agent) and should not be able to infect or replicate?

killed vaccine

what type of vaccine is composed of materials isolated from disrupted or lysed organisms (use only part of pathogen) ?

subunit vaccines

which type of subunit vaccine doesn't contain viral genetic information?

virus-like particle

which subunit vaccine contains inactivated toxins?

toxoids

subunit vaccine produced by genetic modification

recombinant vaccines

vaccine created by combining different antigens to improve an immune response (carb antigens)

conjugated vaccines

vaccines created by genetically modified live virus (replicating and non-replicating)

carrier vaccine (vector vaccine)

vaccine created by naked DNA extracted from a pathogen & host cell takes up DNA and makes proteins of the pathogen

DNA vaccines

vaccine created by modified mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles

RNA vaccine

types of non-infectious vaccines

killed, subunit, conjugated, DNA, vector, mRNA

non-infectious vaccines cause the body to make what type of cells?

memory B and helper T (not killer T)

examples of killed vaccine

inactivated polio (virus), typhoid (bacteria)

how are microbes killed when creating a killed vaccine?

chemicals, heat, radiation

examples of subunit vaccines

hepatitis B, tetanus, acellular pertussis, virus-like particle

how are subunit vaccines generated?

recombinant technology, toxoids, parts of pathogens

resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

virus like particles (VLPs)

how are VLPs created?

-empty virus particle

-display antigens from agent of interest

example of conjugate vaccine

Hib

how are conjugate vaccines generated?

-carb antigens T - independent, poor immunogens

-conjugate protein to carb antigen to make it more "visible" to immune system

examples of DNA vaccines

zika (clinical trial), ZyCoV-D

how are DNA vaccines generated?

isolate DNA that encodes for pathogenic genes (inject into patient), host machinery transcribes and translates DNA info

example of RNA vaccine

COVID

how are RNA vaccines generated?

mRNA packaged in lipid naonpartical and injected, is translated and displayed as foreign

non-infectious vaccines do not infect our cells, but will cause ___ cells to make antibodies sufficient to protect against pathogens

B cells

non-infectious vaccines work well with some that DO infect cells such as:

poliovirus or hepatitis B

non-infectious vaccines DO NOT work well for others that do infect cells such as :

measles and mumps

vaccine created by weakened versions of pathogens and mimic the kind of protective immunity found unpeople that have survived the infection

live attenuated vaccine

what type of cells do attenuated vaccines produce?

memory B, memory helper T, memory killer T

examples of a live attenuated vaccine

Sabin polio, MMR

normal poliovirus reproduces in human nerve cells but sabin produced it in __________ which resulted in a virus that was still infectious but weak

monkey kidney cells

what type of vaccine introduces a single gene from pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn't cause disease, carrier infects host's APCs, APCs produce pathogenic microbe protein which are presented on MHC I molecules

carrier vaccine

what type of cells do carrier vaccines result in?

memory B, memory helper T, memory killer T

concept often associated with vaccination where if enough people in a population are immune, we break the cycle of transmission

herd immunity

vaccine where you can't contract the actual illness, is easy to manufacture, and doesn't elicit the same response as a live pathogen

non infections

vaccine which much more closely mimics a real pathogen, is difficult to manufacture, and can result in sickness

live vaccine