BIOL 2160 Exam 3

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Membrane Potential:

-70 to -90 (a decrease)

Excitatory Postsynaptic Membrane Potential:

-70 to -40 (an increase)

During temporal summation, a ______ ______ input causes an action potential

single cell

during spatial summation, _______ _____ inputs cause an action potential

multiple cell

benefit of action potentials over graded potentials:

action potentials can travel farther without getting smaller

_________ potentials are small little waves and can change sizes, action potential does not change sizes

graded

the cell's permeability to Na is higher during the:

rising phase

why does the rising phase happen before the falling phase?

Because K channels are activated more slowly than Na channels

at rest, which conformation are most Na channels found in?

closed but capable of opening

what causes the undershoot (phase 3)?

the slow closing of K channels

an increase in the size of a stimulus will result in:

the increase of the frequency of action potentials

the release of neurotransmitters opens:

voltage-gated calcium channels

what is the post-synaptic response to all open K channels?

IPSP (Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential)

which of these will not turn off synaptic transmission?

pumping calcium into the cytoplasm

smooth muscle contraction is under control from:

the sympathetic nervous system

commissures can be found in:

the CNS

membrane conductance is lower than the conductance in:

both intracellular and extracellular solution

what cells make up the immune response in the nervous system:

microglia

the GI tract is controlled by the:

autonomic nervous system

both the cell bodies of axons and interneurons are found entirely in the CNS:

True

the auto-immune disease that attacks the myelin sheath in the nervous system affects what cell:

oligodendrocytes

_____________ makeup myelin in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

_______ ______ make up myelin in the PNS

Schwann Cells

______ ______ is the characteristic of a membrane responsible for creating the membrane potential

High resistance

when calculating ionic current, for which of the following factors does not influence driving force?

conductance

spatial summation involves one or more than one synaptic input?

more than one

the cell's permeability to Na will be lowest when?

the membrane potential is more negative than -70

during the falling phase, voltage-gated Na channels will be:

closed and incapable of being opened

during the absolute refractory period, all voltage-gated Na channels are:

either open or closed and incapable of being opened

which of these does NOT contribute to the relative refractory period?

Na channels are still open (because they are NOT open)

why is a stronger stimulus needed to invoke an action potential during the relative refractory period?

because the membrane is still very permeable to K and not very permeable to Na

what causes the transition from the rising to the falling phase?

the opening of voltage gated K channels

during the relative refractory period, the activation gate of most Na channels is:

closed

why is propagation in a myelinated axon faster than unmyelinated?

because myelin does not contain ion channels

the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are permeable to both Na and K, stimulates an opening, the result is an:

EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential)

the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are permeable to both Na and K, stimulates an opening, resulting in EPSP, the reason for this is because:

the driving force for Na is greater than the driving force for K

exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is a result of:

increased calcium in these terminals

atropine blocks _______ acetylcholine receptors in the heart

muscarinic

making new glucose molecules from fats and proteins is called:

gluconeogenesis

positive energy balance occurs during the _____ _____

absorptive state

negative energy balance occurs during the _________ _________

postabsorptive state

during LTP, calcium entering the post-synaptic cell has which effect:

it causes more AMPA receptors to be inserted in the membrane and it releases NO (nitric oxide)

word understanding originates in :

Wernicke's area

brain waves observed during _____ _____ resemble those of a person who is awake

paradoxical sleep

being able to remember your phone number is an example of:

declarative/semantic

_________ insulin levels will lead to blood that is thicker, causing dehydration

Decreasing

what percentage of diabetes cases are juvenile onset:

5-10%

how does insulin lower blood sugar?

making cells more permeable to glucose by inserting GLUT4

during negative energy balance:

energy output is larger

which of the following is an anabolic hormone?

insulin

why do most cells metabolize proteins and fats in the post-absorptive state?

because glucose has to be spared for the nervous system

why are Type I Diabetes at risk for ketoacidosis?

high blood sugar levels means low cellular sugar, this results in fats and proteins being burned which lowers the blood pH

why are Type I Diabetes often very thin?

high blood sugar results in the increased burning of fat for energy

decreasing insulin production will result in:

increased urine output

damaged _______ ______ will result in increased insulin release

beta cells

insulin is an _____ hormone

anabolic

glucagon is a _______ hormone

catabolic

which condition results in lowered blood pH due to burning fats and proteins for energy?

ketoacidosis

release of epinephrine will result in _______ blood glucose levels

increased

spatial summation involves ________ synaptic input?

more than one

the plasma membrane is an area of ______ electrical resistance?

high

which ion has more leak channels?

K

which channel is still open during the relative refractory period?

K

true or false: myelin does not contain ion channels

true

true or false: moving Ca2+ into the ER is a passive process?

false

a stimulus (muscarinic receptors) that causes K channels to open at rest will result in the formation of?

IPSP

which type of acetylcholine receptors are found in heart muscle?

muscarinic

AMPA receptors are permeable to

Na

which type of receptors are blocked by caffeine

adenosine

_________ is a positive change in membrane potential (-70 to -40)

Depolarization (rising phase (1))

If the membrane potential goes from -70 to -40 and then BACK to -70 where it started, this is called:

Repolarization (falling phase (2))

____________ is a negative change in membrane potential:

Hyperpolarization (phase 3)

Depolarization activates voltage-gated ________ channels

Ca2+

binding of glutamate to receptors will result in the formation of ________

EPSP

GABA opens chloride channels on a cell, then chloride enters & hyperpolarizes the cell, resulting in an _________

IPSP

__________ is practically identical to GABA, but is used for inhibition in the PNS

Glycine

The AMPA receptor is a _____ channel

Na+

The NMDA receptor is a _______ channel

Ca2+

if the memory has an emotional component, an area of the brain called the ________ is involved in memory formation

amygdala

EEG stands for:

Electroencephalogram

REM stands for:

Rapid Eye Movement

what involves slow, poorly articulated speech, but no impairment to understanding?

Broca's Aphasia

what involves production of rapid speech with no meaning, called "word salad"; language comprehension is destroyed

Wernicke's Aphasia

The area used first to figure out what the right words are:

Wernicke's area

The area that we then use to figure out how to say those words:

Broca's area

________ _______ are activated when we observe the expressions of others & mimic them ourselves

Mirror Neurons

which process will result in a decrease in glycogen levels?

glycogenolysis

which process will result in a increase in glycogen levels?

glycogenesis

the process of gluconeogenesis is the exact opposite of which process?

glycolysis

when energy input exceeds energy output, the body is in a state of ________ energy balance

positive

when energy output exceeds energy input, the body is in a state of ________ energy balance

negative

in which state do most cells metabolize proteins and fats?

post-absorptive

which hormone causes the body to transition to the absorptive state?

insulin

which hormone causes the body to transition to the postabsorptive state?

glucagon

a person with damaged alpha cells will most likely have which condition?

Hypoglycemia

a person with damaged beta cells will most likely have which condition?

hyperglycemia

which hormone decreases glycogenolysis?

insulin

increasing insulin levels will ______ urine output

decrease

an overdose of insulin may result in which condition

hypoglycemic coma

smooth muscle will be controlled by the brain through ______ fibers

efferent