4.2 - the rise of political parties and the era of jefferson

federalist party

stood for a stronger national government and leaned toward great britain

democratic-republican party

emphasized powers reserved to the states and leaned toward the french

why did the federalist party see a decline in popularity leading to the election of 1800?

their popularity declined because people disliked the alien and sedition acts put into place by federalists and they complained about taxes that were imposed to pay for a possible war against france

northerners views of tariffs

wanted higher tariffs to protect their companies from foreign competition

southerners views of tariffs

wanted lower tariffs since they wanted to encourage trade and relied on exports of cotton and other crops.

election of 1800

the candidates were jefferson and burr which were both apart of the democratic and republican party. when jefferson won, federalists peacefully surrendered control of the federal government to jefferson's party (dem-rep) this was called the revolution of 1800

explain the circumstances that led to controversy in the outcome of the election of 1800

when jefferson and burr tied for presidency, the house of representatives debated for days before giving the majority to jefferson. adding to the dem-rep lawmakers elected into the house and senate, federalists no longer had power in the executive and legislative branches.

how did jefferson keep peace with federalists in his early presidency and how did he keep loyalty to democratic republicans

jefferson, to keep peace with federalists, kept the national bank, hamiliton's debt repayment plan. to keep the loyalty of dem-rep, he limited the central government by reducing the size of the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed taxes (like whiskey) and lowered the national debt

louisiana purchase 1803

costing 15 million and the new western boundary reaching beyond the mississippi. jefferson was conflicted because no clause in the constitution stated that a president could purchase foreign land, but since, he though it was good for the country, he submitted the purchase agreement to senate, saying that it was allowed under the president's power to make treaties. congress quickly ratified it and federalists didn't like it.

what were the circumstances that enabled the united states to purchase the louisana territory from france

france was in need for money to pay for war against britain, so france gave up the whole louisana territory to the u.s. for 15 million

in what ways did the louisiana purchase force jefferson to compromise his values about government

it made him somewhat have to apply the constitution loosely, knowing that the land could be used for good to expand the u.s.

in what ways did the louisiana purchase further jefferson's goal about the united states

it strengthened his hopes that the country's future would be based on an agrarian society with independent farmers rather than an urban/industrial one like hamiliton envisioned

lewis and clark (results)

there were many benefits like greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the trans-mississippi west, stronger u.s. claims to oregon territory, better relations with american indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and furture settlers

aaron burr vs hamiliton duel consequences

deprived federalists of their last great leader and earned burr the opposition of many

john marshall

federalist judge in supreme court, jefferson's cousin, had strong influence and dem-rep sided with him

marbury v. madison 1803

established the principle of judicial review meaning the supreme court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of congress/president was allowed by the constitution

fletcher v. peck 1810

marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. first time supreme court declared a state law to be unconstitutional

martin v. hunter's lease 1816

established that supreme court had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

dartmouth college v. woodward 1819

argued that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state

mcculloch v. maryland 1819

a state could not tax a federal institution because "the power to tax is the power to destroy" and federal laws are supreme over state laws. also ruled that even though the constitution doesn't specifically mention a national bank, it's implied power

cohens v. virginia 1821

established that supreme court could review a state court's decision involving any of the powers of the federal government

gibbons v. odgen 1821

established the federal government's broad control of interstate commerce

why is the idea of judicial review so critical for the supreme court

the supreme court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of congress/president was allowed by the constitution, now giving them the power to overrule actions of the two other branches

james madison

nominated for president by dem-rep, winning the majority in 1808