Intro to the Cell

Cell Theory

all organism are made of cells, The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive, Cell structure is correlated to cellular function, and All cells are related by their decent from earlier cells

A single celled (unicellular)

Prokaryotes

Does not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes DNA is found in the central part of the cell, region called

Nucleotide

cell wall made up of peptidoglycan

Prokaryotes

Are made up of sugars and amino acids

Peptidoglycan

Has a ploysaccharide capsule

Prokaryotic cells

Adds extra layer of protection and helps the cell maintain its shape and prevents dehydration

The Cell Wall

allows the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment found in prokaryotes

The capsule

Some Prokaryotes have a flagella, what is it used for?

Used for locomotion

Some prokaryotes have a Pili, what is it used for?

Used to exchange genetic material during conjunction reproduction

eukaryotic cell has…

membrane bound nucleus and organelles

What does the word eukaryotic mean?

True kernel or true nucleus

What does the word organelle mean?

little organ

Have specialized cellular functions

Organelles

Where do Eukaryotic cells store their DNA?

Within a membrane bound organelle called the nucleus

What is the Plasma Membrane made up of?

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

What does the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins separate?

Internal contents of the cell from it’s surrounding environment

molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group

phospholipid

What does the Plasma Membrane regulate?

regulates the passage of substances like organic molecules, ions, and water.

Why does the Plasma Membrane prevent the passage of some substances?

To maintain its internal environment/components allowing some materials to enter or exit

What is the result of having an immune response to gluten

Celiac disease

Cytoplasm is made up of

Organelles suspended in Cytosol, cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

Cytoplasm consist of

70 to 80 percent of water

Cytoplasm has a semi-solid consistency that comes from

Proteins within it

The 8 organic molecules found in the cytoplasm

Proteins

Glucose

Sugars

Polysaccharides

Amino acids

Nucleic acids

Fatty acids

Derivatives of glycerol

Cytoplasm dissolves

Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and many others

The metabolic reaction of Protein synthesis takes place in

Cytoplasm

Secures certain organelles in specific positions

Cytoskeleton

Allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell

Cytoskeleton

Enables unicellular organisms to move independently

Cytoskeleton

Filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are the three fibers within

Cytoplasm

The six organelles

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Most prominent Organelle in a cell

Nucleus

Houses the cell’s DNA In the form of chromatin

Nucleus

Directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Nucleus

Ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope

RER

Ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the (ER)

RER

Undergo modifications such as folding or additions of sugars

RER

Few or no ribosomes in its cytoplasmic surface

SER

Synthesis of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and steroid hormones

SER

Detoxification of medication and poisons

SER

Metabolizes alcohol

SER

Storage of calcium ions

SER

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Appear as either clusters or single tiny dots floating freely in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Can be attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or the (ER)

Ribosomes

Consist of large and small subunits

Ribosomes

Cellular structure found in every cell

Ribosomes

Abundant in immature red blood cells

Ribosomes

Functions the transport of oxygen throughout the body

Synthesis of hemoglobin

The sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins

Gigi Body

Frequent modification of addition of short chains and sugars

Gigi Body

Has an additional role in plant cells synthesizing polysaccharides

Golgi body

Cell’s “Garbage disposal”

Lysosomes

Digestive enzyme aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles

Lysosomes

Use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy disease causing organisms that enter the cell

Lysosomes

Process where a section of the plasma membrane of the macrophage folds in and engulfs a pathogen pinching itself off from the plasma membrane becoming a vesical which fuses with a lysosome using its hydrolytic enzymes to destroy the pathogen

Phagocytosis

Important for digestion of the food they ingest and the recycling of organelles

Lysosomes

Enzymes are active at a much lower PH (more acidic) than those located in the cytoplasm

Lysosomes

Called “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell

Mitochondria

Responsible for making Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Mitochondria

Responsible of the cells main energy-carrying molecule ATP

Mitochondria

Oval-shaped, double membrane organelles have their own Ribosomes and DNA

Mitochondria

Make their own ribosomes and DNA like Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Function in photosynthesis, can be found in eukaryotic cells like plants and algae

Chloroplasts

Have inner membrane set of interconnected and stacked fluid membrane sacs found in chloroplasts

Thylakoids

Are stacks of thylakoids

Granum/Grana

Is a Fluid enclosed by inner membrane surrounding the grama in chloroplasts

Stoma

Rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.

Cell Wall

Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells organizing center of microtubles in animal cells

Centrosome

Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids in different part.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)