DIGESTION SYSTEM-SECOND PART

What is the organ Tha acts as exocrine function?

the pancreas (the organ acts as n=both exocrine and endocrine)

what are the three primary cell types for the liver?

hepatocytes, kupffer and endothelial cells

what are the three types of liver lobules?

exocrine, endocrine and blood flow

how much is the percentage of the liver receives through the venous circulation?

about 75% from the portal vein and arterial and hepatic artery 25%

what is the only organ to regenerate?

the liver

which organ produce bile?

the liver, it does concentrate and storage in the gallbladder

does the liver acts with both function of exocrine and endocrine?

yes, due to the secretions of plasma protein and exocrine of bile for functions

what are the functions of the liver?

they are metabolic, endocrine, exocrine detoxification, phagocytic, hemopoiesis

what is the metabolic functions of the liver?

-circulate amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins

-regulation of serum level of lipids and hormones by endocytosis

-production of urea

what does the endocrine function in the liver play in the body?

syhthesis and secretion of serum proteins such as albumin transferrin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, angiotensinogen

-converts tetraiodothyronine T4, triiodothyronine T3

converts vitamin D to circulating 25 hydroxycholecalciferol

what is the exocrine function on the body?

production of bile and transportation of polymeric IgA

What role plays the detoxification of the liver in the body?

oxidation and conjugation with glycine, taurine, or glucuronic acid

wha is the phagocytic function in the liver ?

engulf foreign organism, aged red blood cells. macrophages

Hemopoesis is?

6 to 7th week month embryo (yolk sack)

what is the composition of the bile?

bio salts such as cholesterol that function in fat emulsification and absorption, and bilirubin which is the pigment of the heme.

triglycides phospholipids and electrolytes= make up bile

what is the enterohepatic circulation?

is a recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts

what are the bile salts?

they are the one that absorb into blood by ileum, return to liver via hepatic portal blood, desecrated in newly formed bile.

how much percentage of the bile salts are secreted and newly synthesized?

bile salts secretes 95% and 5% synthesized each time

what is the gallbladder?

is a thin wall muscular sac on ventral surface of liver, it storage bile by absorbing water and ions, n the bile is released via cystic duct.

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

pancreatic juices by acini and ducts

acini contain clusters of zygotes which are inactive enzymes

and has granules like proenzymes

-ducts secretes to the duodenum via pancreatic duct= smaller ducts produce water and bicarbonate (which is a basic compound)

what is the endocrine function of the parncreas?

is the secretion of insulin and glucagon by islets of langerhans and pancreatic islet cells

What is the fist part of the small intestine?

duodenum

What are proteases?

enzymes that break down proteins n are secreted inactive form

how the bile n pancreas regulates the secretions?

they are regulate by the stimulation of neural and hormonal controls (hormones like cholecystokinin) CCK and secretin.

when does the bile secretion increased?

when the enterohepatic returns large amount of bile salts

secretin exposed to HCL n fatty chyme: causes bile release

hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed, unless digestion is active

small intestine

major organ for digestion , duodenum, jejunum and ileum

where is the duodenum located?

first part of the small intestine

where is the jejunum located?

between duodenum and ileum

Where is the ileum located?

lower right quadrant close to the ileocecal valve

which arteries provides the primary blood supply to the intestines, and throughout which veins does the blood drain to reach the liver?

the superior mesenteric artery brings blood to the intestines. blood drains through the superior mesenteric vein, then into the hepatic portal vein and finally into the liver.

which nerves provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the intestine?

the vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation, while thoracic splanchnic nerves provide sympathetic innervation.

why is so important the huge surface are in the small intestine for absorption?

is important because the contain most of the villi and microvilli for efficient absorption

what is the function of villii in the small intestine?

it projects the mucosa which contain dense blood and lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) which absorb the fats

what is the function of the microvilli on the small intestine?

they are cytoplasmic extension of mucosal cells which works like a brush border and that contain the enzymes that use the final carb and protein for digestion

what is the function of the circular folds?

they are folds that permanently forced chyme to slow spiral through the lumen

what is the tissue of the mucosa in the small intestine?

is simple columnar epithelium with villi

what does endocrine cells secretes?

secretin and cholecystokinin(fall in the group of enterogastrones)

what does the panel cells secretes?

lysozyme (they do the processor phagocytosis)

how to remember the part from the small intestine?

Dogs Just Itch

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

where else was the carbs digestibly partially?

in the mouth via salivary amylase

where protein partially digested?

in the stomach via pepsin

how does digestion happens in the small intestine?

chyme from the stomach contains partially digested carbs and proteins and undigested fats. takes 3-6hrs completition for absorption and water.

what would help us digest the fats?

it happens in the small intestine via bile (emulsifying fat)

what is the four factor to regulate chyme?

-by entering the duodenum to slow the process of loss water from blood usually hypertonic and osmotic

-the pH adjusted

-the mixed of bile and pancreatic juices with chyme

-secretion from enterogastrones that control the movement of food and enterogastric reflex to prevent overwhelmed in the intestinal site.

what is the control of the small intestine?

gastric motility (relaxation of the ileum and ileocecal valve) distention (strength) and intestinal reduction size (peristalsis)

large intestine?

Absorbs water and forms feces

what are the three part of the large intestines?

ascending, transverse and descending colon

what is the muscle that appears in the external anal sphincter?

it has skeletal muscle and is voluntary

what is the muscle that appear in the internal anal sphincter?

is smooth muscle and is involuntary

what do we find inside of the colon?

is a simple columnar epithelium

does not contain circular folds villi and digestive secretions

contains a lotto mucus and produced globe cells

what are the two cells that will find in the colon?

abortive cell (absorbs water) and globes cell (secretes mucus)

vitamin k and some vitaminB

where doe the bacteria flora is find?

abundant

in the large intestine os find about 1000 types of bacteria that enters from the small intestine or anus and colonizes in the colon

what is the metabolic function of the large intestine?

fermentation

vitamin synthesis (vitamin K and B) for clotting factors

keep pathogenic bacteria in check

how does the digestion happens in the large intestine

No breakdown of food except enteric bacteria digest, residue remains 12-24 hrs

major function is propulsion of feces to anus and defecation

vitamins are made by bacteria water and electrolytes

how does motility happens in the l.I?

haustral contractions and gastrocolic reflex

where does the feces store?

at the descending colon and sigmoid colon

defecation

mass of movement of feces towards rectum

stimulated the contraction of sigmoid colon and rectum

are able to control the defecation.

what does the pancreatic amylase breakdown?

they breakdown carbs. in form of maltose and oligosaccharides

how does the absorption happens?

goes through the cells starch absorption through the the enterocyte such like lipids

why the absortion cannot go through in between the cells?

because of tight junctions

what is the first area of carbs breakdown ?

is the mouth, salivary amylase

how does the carbs goes through the cell?

by a channel or carrier protein such as potassium

where is the first area of protein digestion and breakdown

stomach through pepsin. pepsinogen=active form= by HCL to pepsin

where is the second area of breakdown of proteins?

small intestine, trepsinogen ----->trepsin

where does it happens the breakdown of lipids?

small intestines via liver and pancreas by bile and lipases which are enzymes

digestion of nucleic acids

they broke down as ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease because we eat things with DNA such meat from animals

what vitamins are absorption in the small intestine?

fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E and K as diffusion

water soluble vitamin C and B diffusing passive and active transporters

Vitamin B12 which binds with instrinsic factor and absorbed via endocytosis

what vitamins are absorpt in the large intestine?

vitamin K and some B from bacteria metabolism are absorbed

what is the absortion of the small intestine from electrolytes?

most of it are ions suck Iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine

where does the arsoption of the water happens?

on the large intestines about 95% of water is in the GI secretions by entering the small intestine.

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.

eating foods that are low in fats

in the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over short reflexive pathway in the fact that._____

long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?

parietal cells

which of the following enzymes would be the most active in the presence of high concentration of protein fragments?

trypsin

select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion?

gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth

a patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. the doctor tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. the patient's wife ask why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. what would the doctor say?

because of the absorption in the small intestine.

what layer of the alimentary can tissue is capable of helping to protect the body against disease, and through what mechanism?

Peyers patch.

occurs when healthy oils are chemically transformed into solids; worst effect on cholesterol levels than saturated:increases LDL and reduces HDL

trans fat

what is broken down by renin in infants resulting in curdy substance

casein (which is a protein found in milks and dairy products)

Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.

false

is it true or false that the carbohydrates and fat pools are oxidize directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acids pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediated before begin sent through cellular respiration pathways?

true

the only essentials function of the function of the stomach is to begin digestion of proteins?

False