[Week 2] Fundamentals of Programming

Programming

When software instructions are written

Two types of software

Application Software
System Software

Application Software

comprises all the programs you apply to a task

System Software

comprises the programs that you use to manage your computer

three major operations of hardware and software

Input
Processing
Output

Input

data items enter the computer system and place in memory, where they can be processed

Computer System

a combination of all components needed to process and store data using a computer. composed of multiple pieces of hardware and software.

Hardware

equipment or the physical devices associated with a computer

Software

computer instructions that tells the hardware what to do

Programs

software is ______, which are instruction sets written by programmers.

Data items

include all the text, numbers, and other raw material that are entered into and processed by a computer

Processing

may involve organizing or sorting them, checking them for accuracy, or performing calculations with them.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

hardware component that perform tasks like organizing or sorting them, checking them for accuracy, or performing calculations with them

Output

after data item have been processed, the resulting information is usually sent out to an output device

Information

data items that have been processed and output

Storage Device

hard drive, flash media, or cloud-based device. this is where you store your output

Programming Language

you write computer instructions in a ________

Program Code

instructions written using a programming language

Coding the program

when a programmer writes instructions (program development cycle)

Syntax

rules governing its word usage and punctuation

Syntax Errors

mistakes in a language's usage

Computer Memory

this is where program instructions are stored and is a computer's temporary internal storage

Random Access Memory (RAM)

is a form of internal, volatile memory. its contents are lost when the computer is turned off or loses power.

Volatile

its contents are lost when the computer is turned off or loses power.

Nonvolatile

contents are persistent and are retained even when power is lost.

Machine Language

after a computer program is typed using a programming language statements and stored in memory, it must be translated to ________

Source Code

programming language statements

Object Code

translated machine language statements

Compiler/Interpreter

software that programming language use to translate source code into machine language

Binary Language

machine language is also called as ______ and is represented as a series of 0s and 1s.

Runs/Executes

when instructions are carried out, a program __________

Program Development Cycle

1. Understand the problem.
2. Plan the logic.
3. Write the code.
4. Translate the code
5. Test the program.
6. Put the program into production.
7. Maintain the program.

Understanding the problem

professional computer programmers write programs to satisfy the needs of users or end users.

Documentation

consists of all supporting paperwork for a program

Planning the logic

the heart of the programming process lies in this step

Algorithm

is the sequence of steps or rules you follow to solve a problem

Desk-checking

process of walking through a program's logic on paper before you actually write the program

Code the program/Write the code

source code for a program can only be written after the logic is developed

Translate the code

the programmer's english-like high-level programming language will be translated into the low-level machine language so that the computer will understand

Run the program

a program that is free of syntax errors is not necessarily free of logical errors.

Put the program into production

after being tested and debugged, the program is now ready for the organization to use.

Maintain the program

after programs are put into production, making necessary changes is called maintenance

Pseudocode

is an english-like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem

Pseudo

means false

Code

to _______ a program means to put in a programming language

Flowchart

is a pictorial representation of the same logical steps

start and end with stop

programs begin with ______ _______________; these two words are always aligned

module name

whenever a ______ ________ is used, it is followed by a set of parentheses

modules

______ being with the module name and end with return. the module name and return are always aligned

program statement

each ______ performs one action-- for example, input, processing or output

program statement

______ are intended a few spaces more than start or the module name

single line, continuation lines

each program statement appears on a ____ if possible. when this is not possible, ______ are indented

lowercase letters

program statements begin with ______

end statements

no punctation is used to ___________

Parallelogram

represents an input and output symbol which indicates an input and output operation

Rectangle

processing symbol that contains a processing statement

Flowlines/Arrows

used to show correct sequence of statements or to connect the steps

Oval/Racetrack Shaped

Terminal symbols/start/stop symbol

After the flowchart or pseudocode has been developed, the programmer needs to:

1. Buy a computer
2. Buy a language compiler
3. Learn a programming language
4. Code the program
5. Attempt to compile it
6. Fix the syntax errors
7. Compile it again
8. Test it with several sets of data
9. Put into production

Loop

repetition of a series of steps

predetermined value

A better way to end a program is to set a ______ that stops the program

Sentinel Value

represents an entry or exit point

Procedural Programming

focuses on the procedures that programmers create

Object-oriented programming

focuses on objects or things and describes their features (also called attributes) and behaviors.