Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Atom

Made out of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, while neutrons orbit the nucleus

Cation

Atom that loses electrons and has more protons than electrons, so it becomes positively charged

Anion

Atom that gains electrons and has more electrons than protons, so it becomes negatively charged.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found within the nucleus that determines element

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle and subside in an atoms shell

Neutron

A uncharged subatomic particle found within the nucleus

Valence Electron

Outermost electron

Ionic bonds

A form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gives them to another

Covalent Bond

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms, typically nonmetal atoms

Non-polar covalent bond

When two atoms share electrons equally

Polar covalent

A type of covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared between two atoms due to differing electronegativity values

Electronegativity

The tendency for an atom to attract shared electrons

Dipole

A type of intermolecular bond that occurs between polar molecules.

Intramolecule

Something occurring or existing within a molecule

Intermolecular

Something occurring within two molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

Opposite charges attracting eachother

Water

H20

• Oxygen is very electronegative, so it attracts electrons, giving it a partial negative charge

• Hydrogen itself is neutral, but it becomes partially positive because oxygen pulls electrons away from it

Hydrogen and Oxygen have a polar covalent bond

Adhesion

Water sticking to other things

Cohesion

Water sticking to water

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Sugar, bread, potatoes

Monosachoride

Single simple form of carbohydrate

ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

disachoride

two monosachoride combined

ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysachoride

long chain of monosachorides

ex; start, glycogen, cellulose

Lipids (CHO)

• Unsaturated(double bond) - healthy

• Saturated(straight) - unhealthy

Monomer of lipids

Glycoride

Diglyceride

two fatty acids bonded to glycerol

triglyceride

three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol

Protein (CHON)

Monomer of protein

amino acid

Dipeptide

two amino acids bonded

polypeptide

multiple amino acids bonded

Dehydration synthesis

Joins amino acids combine together by removing water

Nucleic Acid (CHONP)

• nucleotide: single nucleic acid

• DNA - deoxyribo nucleic acid

• RNA - ribonucleic acid