PPAR (PRELIM): UNIT1 Introduction to Physical Pharmacy

Physical Pharmacy

Area of pharmacy that dealt with the quantitative and theoretical principles of physicochemical science as they applied to the practice of pharmacy

Pharmaceutical Science

Biomedical aspects of the practice of pharmacy

Dosage Form

Entity that is administered to the patients so that they receive an effective dose of a drug

31,536,000 seconds

How many seconds are there in 1 year?

Volume

• The measurable quantity, also derived from length

• Reference std is CUBIC METER; its egs unit is one millionth of this value or 1 cubic centimeter (cc or cm3)

• This was originally defined in terms of liter, the volume of kilogram water at 1 atm and 4°C

Mass

often expressed as the weight of a body

Kg

Mass reference standard is

Force

A push or pull required to set a body in motion

The larger the mass of the body and the greater the required acceleration, the greater the force that one must exert

Torque

a force that causes rotation

F=m x a(cceleration)

Force formula

Pressure

Defined as the force per unit area; the unit

dyne/cm

Pressure unit commonly used in science is

F/Area

Pressure formula

Work and Energy:

ENERGY

____ is frequently defined as the condition of a body that gives it the capacity to do work

kinetic energy or

potential energy

Energy may be classified as _____ or ______ energy

Temperature

Zero degree on the centigrade scale equals 273.15° on the Kelvin Scale

Density

This is a derived quantity since it combines the units of mass and volume

Density

grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)

___ Defined as the mass per unit volume at a fixed temp and pressure and is expressed in the cgs system in ____

Specific Gravity

The ratio of weight of a given substance to the weight of an

equal volume of a substance chosen as standard

It is a means of determining the strength, purity, or volume of a

substance

Determinate (Constant)

Statistical methods and the Analysis of Errors:

÷ Errors that although sometimes unsuspected, may be avoided or

determined and corrected once they are uncovered

Indeterminate (Accident or Chance)

Statistical methods and the Analysis of Errors:

The results of a series of tests will yield a random pattern around an average or central value, known as the mean

Pseudoaccidental or variable determinate errors

Statistical methods and the Analysis of Errors:

÷ Arise from random fluctuations in the temperature or other external factors and from the variations involved in reading instruments.

÷ It can be corrected by careful analysis and refinement of

techniques

Precision

A measure of the agreement among the values in a group of data

Accuracy

The agreement between the data and the true value

Variability

Measures of Dispersion:

___ is expressed in range, mean and standard deviation

Range

= the lowest and highest value

Standard deviation

Measures of Dispersion:

= the average deviation from the mean

Coefficient of variation percent

Measures of Dispersion:

= more useful in comparing variability

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

ratio between the density of an object, and a reference substance.

Specific gravity

Dimension less and pure number

relative density

Another name for specific gravity

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

It can tell us if the object will sink or float in our reference substance.

Ø Usually our reference substance is water

1 g/mL at 4°C

Density of water

g/mL

Originated formula of specific gravity

sp.gr

Symbol:

Ø No units use

D std/ D Sx

Formula of specific gravity

Pycnometer (with thermometer)

Westphal Balance

Hydrometer

Tools used to measure specific gravity (3)

hydrometer

a tool used to measure the density of alcohol

Pycnometer

used to measure the density of liquids

precisely

used to calculate the particle density of powder

made of glass that has a close fitting glass stopper along with a capillary tube

25*C

Ideal temperature pycnometer when using specific gravity

1. Wash, clean, and dry, together with the cap

2. Weigh empty pycnometer (w/ thermometer) and record

+ distilled H₂O (until mouth), place glass stopper back

Weigh and record

*Repeat, except step 2, using sample for step 3

Procedure: pycnometer

Westphal Balance

used to measure the specific gravity (or density) of liquids

Mohr's Balance

From around 1847

Westphal balance AKA

pycnometer

USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method, the ____ is the standard instrument used for determining specific gravity of liquids

Hydrometer

An instrument that is used to determine specific gravity

Specific Gravity Scale

Hydrometer works using a ____

Archimedes' Principle (water displacement)

(an object floats depending on the weight of liquid it displaces)

Hydrometer is Based on __

paper

Robert Boyle in 1675

first account of the use of hydrometers in England is in a __ published by _____ in ____

+ sample liquid (100 mL)

Place hydrometer slowly

Allow it to float naturally

Record result

Procedure: hydrometer

Light Hydrometer

Heavy Hydrometer

2 types of hydrometer

Light Hydrometer

- used for liquids lighter than water (e.g., alcohol, kerosene).

Heavy Hydrometer

- used for liquids heavier than water (e.g., acids, brine).

Baumé

A unit of measure indicating the specific gravity of a solution, often used to indicate sugar concentration

DENSITY

a measurement of how tightly matter

is crammed together

Archimedes

Density is discovered by?

D= m/v

Density formula

15.56*C

Density if alcohol yung standard

Balloon

Wood in water

APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE (2)