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Physical development
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Cognitive development
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial development
(1) domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships; (2) process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
Normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
Developmental milestone
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
Continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
Discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
Nature
genes and biology
Nurture
environment and culture
Psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
Psychosocial development
(1) domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships; (2) process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
Schema
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
Assimilation
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
Accommodation
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
Sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
Object permanence
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
Preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
Conservation
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
Egocentrism
preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others
Concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
Reversibility
principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition
Formal operational stage
final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Stages of moral reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
Conception
when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
Zygote
structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta
Mitosis
process of cell division
Embryo
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development
Placenta
structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby
9 weeks of fetal stage
Fetal stage begins
12 weeks of fetal stage
Sex organs differentiate
16 weeks of fetal stage
Fingers and toes develop
20 weeks of fetal stage
Hearing begins
24 weeks of fetal stage
Lungs begin to develop
28 weeks of fetal stage
Brain grows rapidly
32 weeks of fetal stage
Bones fully develop
36 weeks of fetal stage
Muscles fully develop
40 weeks of fetal stage
Full-term development
Prenatal care
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus
Teratogen
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Critical (sensitive) period
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop
Newborn reflexes
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with
Motor skills
ability to move our body and manipulate objects
Fine motor skills
use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions
Gross motor skills
use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements
Attachment
long-standing connection or bond with others
Secure base
parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
Secure attachment
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
Avoidant attachment
characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
Resistant attachment
characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child
Disorganized attachment
characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
Authoritative parenting style
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view
Authoritarian parenting style
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
Permissive parenting style
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
Uninvolved parenting style
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands
Temperament
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
Adolescence
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
Adrenarche
maturing of the adrenal glands
Gonadarche
maturing of the sex glands
Primary sexual characteristics
organs specifically needed for reproduction
Secondary sexual characteristics
physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
Menarche
beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old
Spermarche
first male ejaculation
Cognitive empathy
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
Emerging adulthood
newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family
Socioemotional selectivity theory
social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years
Hospice
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
Living will
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy
Advance directive
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)
a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or his or her heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient
Health care proxy
a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if he or she is unable to speak for him/herself
