OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 9

Physical development

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

Cognitive development

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Psychosocial development

(1) domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships; (2) process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

Normative approach

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

Developmental milestone

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

Discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

Nature

genes and biology

Nurture

environment and culture

Psychosexual development

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

Psychosocial development

(1) domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships; (2) process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

Schema

(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

Assimilation

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

Accommodation

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

Sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

Object permanence

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

Preoperational stage

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

Conservation

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

Egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

Concrete operational stage

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

Reversibility

principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition

Formal operational stage

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Stages of moral reasoning

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

Conception

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Zygote

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta

Mitosis

process of cell division

Embryo

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

Placenta

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby

9 weeks of fetal stage

Fetal stage begins

12 weeks of fetal stage

Sex organs differentiate

16 weeks of fetal stage

Fingers and toes develop

20 weeks of fetal stage

Hearing begins

24 weeks of fetal stage

Lungs begin to develop

28 weeks of fetal stage

Brain grows rapidly

32 weeks of fetal stage

Bones fully develop

36 weeks of fetal stage

Muscles fully develop

40 weeks of fetal stage

Full-term development

Prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

Teratogen

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Critical (sensitive) period

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

Newborn reflexes

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

Motor skills

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Fine motor skills

use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions

Gross motor skills

use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements

Attachment

long-standing connection or bond with others

Secure base

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

Secure attachment

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Avoidant attachment

characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Resistant attachment

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Disorganized attachment

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

Authoritative parenting style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

Authoritarian parenting style

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Permissive parenting style

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

Uninvolved parenting style

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands

Temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Adolescence

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

Adrenarche

maturing of the adrenal glands

Gonadarche

maturing of the sex glands

Primary sexual characteristics

organs specifically needed for reproduction

Secondary sexual characteristics

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

Menarche

beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old

Spermarche

first male ejaculation

Cognitive empathy

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

Emerging adulthood

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

Socioemotional selectivity theory

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years

Hospice

service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting

Living will

a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy

Advance directive

a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or his or her heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient

Health care proxy

a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if he or she is unable to speak for him/herself