AP Psych Unit 5 Pt 1B

Phonemes

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Syntax

rules of grammar

Overgeneralization

miss apply the rules, over simplify

semantics

content/ meaning of language

noam chomsky

studied the transformations between the surface and the deep structure; speaking- top down processing; comprehension- bottom up processing

babbling

4 moths with phonemes

holophrase

12 months one word commands

telegraphic speech

18 months

ben whorf

linguistic determinism; thinking is determined by language

Anthropomorphism

the attribution of human characteristics

Anthropocentrism

view humans as unique

George Gallop

sense of self

washoe

The Chimp that was taught sign language by the Gardners

Koko

Gorilla who could sign over 1,000 words. past and future use of language

concepts

mental categories that are used to classify/ schema

prototype

matching new items to this provides a quick & easy method for storing items into concepts

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions

5 components of creativity- R. Sternberg

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

Algorithm

a step-by-step method

Heuristic

rule of thumb to simplify a problem; a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

conjunction fallacy

The tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than general ones.

availability heuristic

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

belief bias

the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

framing

the perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision