Site Development and Earthworks in Planning 1

Earthworks

Engineering projects involving soil processing for construction.

Excavation

Digging to prepare land for infrastructure projects.

Land Grading

Adjusting land configuration for stability and use.

Military Applications

Using earthworks for soil fortifications in defense.

Landscaping

Creating gardens or parks per property specifications.

Damming

Trapping water using earth to create barriers.

Site Grading

Technique to adjust slope before building construction.

Runoff Water

Water flow from surfaces needing proper drainage.

Erosion

Soil loss due to water or wind action.

Foundation Damage

Structural issues caused by improper land grading.

Basement Flooding

Water accumulation in basements due to poor drainage.

Slope Requirement

Minimum 5% slope for effective water runoff.

Cross Sections

Vertical slices of land used in earthwork calculations.

Cut Areas

Sections of land excavated during earthwork.

Fill Areas

Sections where material is added to raise land.

Excavation Volume

Amount of soil removed during excavation process.

Embankment Volume

Amount of fill material added for construction.

Surveying Textbooks

Resources detailing methods for calculating earthwork.

General Contractors

Professionals overseeing construction and grading projects.

Construction Foundation

Base structure requiring level ground for stability.

Engineering Projects

Large-scale constructions involving earth manipulation.

Infrastructure Projects

Essential constructions like roads, railways, and bridges.

Utility Piping System

Network of pipes for utility services.

Piping System

Interconnected pipes, fittings, and flanges.

Water Line

Pipes transporting potable water.

Drainage

System for removing excess water.

Sewage Disposal

System for managing wastewater.

Underground Communication Lines

Cables for telecommunication below ground.

Electrical Lines

Wires for electrical power distribution.

Tunnel

Horizontal underground passageway for various uses.

Shaft

Vertical opening for accessing underground areas.

Mining Tunnels

Excavations for extracting minerals and ores.

Transportation Tunnels

Passageways for vehicles and trains.

Water Supply Standards

Criteria for assessing water quality.

Physical Water Standards

Characteristics like color and taste.

Chemical Water Standards

Absence of industrial waste chemicals.

Biological Water Standards

Freedom from bacteria and human waste.

Groundwater

Water stored in underground rock voids.

Aquifer

Geological formation storing significant groundwater.

Surface Water

Any water body above ground level.

Hydrologic Cycle

Movement of water on and below Earth.

Municipal Water Supply

City-managed system for public drinking water.

Water Consumption Types

Domestic, public, commercial, and industrial demands.

Domestic Water Demand

Water used for household activities.

Public Demand

Water needed for fire protection and public services.

Commercial Demand

Water used by businesses like stores and hotels.

Industrial Demand

Water required for manufacturing and production processes.

Variation in Demand

Differences in water needs based on community factors.

Average Daily Consumption

Daily water use measured per person.

US Domestic Consumption

Approximately 380 litres per person per day.

Total Demand

680 litres per person per day including all uses.

Developing Countries Consumption

Average of 15 litres per person per day.

World Average Consumption

Estimated 60 litres per person per day.

Airports Water Use

20 litres per passenger per day.

Bathhouses Water Use

40 litres per person per day.

Dwellings Water Use

400 litres per person per day.

Factories Water Use

100 litres per person per shift.

Hospitals Water Use

1200 litres per bed per day.

Shopping Centers Water Use

300 litres per 100 sq.m. of floor space.

Seasonal Variation

Water demand changes with weather and seasons.

Peak Demand

Up to 200% of average on hot days.

Residential Peak Hours

Morning and early evening demand spikes.

Commercial Demand Uniformity

Consistent water use during work hours.

Minimum Demand Hours

Lowest water use occurs predawn.

Water Use Patterns

Critical for designing efficient water systems.

Pumping and Distribution Systems

Engineered to meet community water demands.

Water Availability

Depends on building size, density, value.

Site Design

Ensures access for firefighting vehicles.

Firebreaks

Structures to prevent fire spread.

Fire Hose Access

Layout allows hoses to reach all sides.

Vegetation Control

Manage flammable plants near buildings.

Hydrant Placement

At least 2 hydrants within 500-600 ft.

Sewage Disposal

Process of eliminating sewage and effluent.

Health Risks

Improper disposal can cause serious illnesses.

Pollution Prevention

Avoid contaminating water supplies with sewage.

Insect Breeding

Prevent conditions for disease-carrying insects.

Wastewater Treatment Systems

Methods to treat and dispose of wastewater.

Municipal Sewer System

Centralized system for urban sewage disposal.

Cluster Treatment Systems

Includes septic systems and constructed wetlands.

On-site Treatment Systems

Individual systems like cesspools and composting toilets.

System Selection Factors

Location, geohydrology, development density, local laws.

Wastewater Treatment Plant

Facility using processes to treat industrial wastewater.

Runoff

Rainwater that does not infiltrate soil.

Drainage Systems

Directs water away from buildings to prevent flooding.

Storm Sewer System

Urban drainage connected to municipal sewers.

Flooding Risks

Inefficient drainage systems can lead to floods.

Surface Leveling

Ensures even surfaces for rooftops and landscapes.

Gutter

Channel directing water from roofs to downspouts.

Downspout

Pipe conveying rainwater from gutters to drainage.

Drainage System

Infrastructure preventing flooding by managing water flow.

Flooding

Overflow of water onto normally dry land.

Porous Surface Material

Materials like sand or gravel allowing water infiltration.

Elevated Pavers

Pavers raised above ground to facilitate drainage.

Erosion Control

Methods to prevent soil loss from wind or water.

Sediment Control

Techniques to manage soil particles during runoff.

Vegetation Protection

Preserving plants to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

Mulching

Covering soil with organic material to retain moisture.

Runoff Velocity

Speed at which water flows over surfaces.

Swales

Shallow channels designed to manage water runoff.

Sediment Trapping

Capturing soil particles on-site to prevent loss.