Industrial Revolution & Early Australian Colonization: Key Dates, Forces, and Social Impacts

Lesson 1 Dates

1750 - 1900

Industry

Businesses, technology, machinery

Revolution

Rapid change for many people

Changes in Industrial Revolution

Way goods were manufactured, Small workshops → factories, People could fund inventions, Government wanted inventors to invent

Forces Changed by Industrial Revolution

Steam power, Trade, Transport

Mass Migration Causes

By choice (better life), Forced (slaves and convicts), Accelerates movement

Factor 1 of Influence in IR

Agricultural Revolution

Outcomes of Agricultural Revolution

More food, more people, more workers; Increased population frees people to work in cities

Seed Drill

Seed drill by Jethro Tull — planted seeds in rows

Crop Rotation

Healthier soil and higher agricultural yield

Factor 2 of Influence

Enclosure Acts

Effect of Enclosure Acts on Farmland

Consolidated farm land, Got rid of common land used for grazing

Economic Effect of Enclosure on Labor

Increased farm output profits, Fewer workers in rural areas; more in mining and cities

Factor 3 of Influence

Coal and Energy

Importance of Coal and Energy

Large coal supplies, Steam engines power industries and transport

Newcomen Steam Engine

Engine mentioned as part of early coal mining

Energy Supply Support for Industries

More reliable power for mining, factories, and trains

Factor 4 of Influence

Geography and transport

Importance of Navigable Rivers and Harbours

Transport goods and raw materials quickly and easily

Colonial Resources in Factor 4

Obtain resources cheaply from colonies for industry

Main Social Impacts

Population growth, Urbanisation, New social classes, Poor working conditions

Description of the City

Cloud of coal vapour, Loud steam engines, Stench of river

Middle Class Composition

Buyers, investors, skilled workers

Middle Class Ownership

Mines, factories, railroads

Middle Class Living Conditions

Spacious homes, Running water, Elaborate clothes, Ate well

Working Class Conditions

Tenements, No running water, No sewage, Bad smells, Disease

Typical Working Conditions in Factories/Mines

12-16 hours, 6 days a week, Low pay, No breaks

Convicts Transported to Australia

Commit crimes, no money/job; Forced to Australia

Conditions on the Journey

Waited on floating prison boats/hulks, Chained until out at sea, 5-month journey, Dysentery and scurvy

First Fleet

The fleet that transported convicts to Australia

Role of Convicts in Early Australia

Starved, Flogging, Execution; Worked for government

Jobs Convicts Did in Sydney

Shepherd, Farmer, builder, servant

Valuation of Convicts in Sydney

Valued if had trades/own business

Ticket to Leave System

After a certain number of years worked, they could finish their sentence

Purpose of Ticket to Leave System

Reward convict good behaviour, Help with labour shortage, Reduce cost of housing convicts

Ticket to Leave

Allows convicts to work for wages, rent/own property, and live independently or with family.

James Ruse

Known as the 'Father of Australian agriculture' and committed burglary.

Governor Phillip's gift to James Ruse

An experimental farm to test if convicts could be self-sufficient.

Crops grown by James Ruse

Wheat and corn.

Significance of James Ruse's land grant

He was the first to receive a land grant, which was a larger area than he owned.

Conditions for convicts on the journey to Australia

Chained until out at sea, waited on floating prison boats/hulks, 5-month journey, faced dysentery and scurvy.

Arrival location of convicts in Australia

In Gadigal lands, named after Lord Sydney, the British secretary.

Squatters/Pastoralists

Claimed land without waiting for a land grant, utilized cheap convict labor, and secured government jobs.

Outcome for Squatters/Pastoralists

Acquired cheap convict labor and government jobs to protect their land from laws.

Selection Act of 1861

Allowed selectors (new settlers) to claim crown land.

Conditions for Selectors

Did not own the land but could take profits and live there, up to 30 acres.

Outcome for Selectors

Good land was taken by squatters, leaving selectors with remote areas of poor soil; they did not succeed as farmers.

Accidents in mines

Included roofs caving in, methane gas causing deadly explosions, and coal dust leading to black lung disease.

Working conditions for children in factories

Worked in dark conditions, hauled coal carts in heat, and opened/closed air vents, damaging their lungs.

Mine Act of 1842

Banned women and children under 10 from working underground.

Roles of girls/women in mines

Performed surface work, sorting coal and removing stones.

Working conditions for girls/women in factories

Required nimble fingers and fast speed; involved changing spools in textile mills and crawling under machines.

Government's goal in selling land to free settlers

To create new farms, support employment demand from a larger population, and grow more crops.

Outcome of selling land to free settlers

Increased revenue and encouraged more people to settle as land was available.

Contribution of convicts and free settlers to development

Provided labor, contributed to agriculture, and helped build infrastructure.

Sara and George Suttor

Wealthy individuals involved in horticulture and agriculture.

George Suttor's contributions

Trained in horticulture, brought trees to Australia, established the first orchard, and received a land grant in Bathurst.

Goal of the petition in 1810

To give convicts more power by assigning them important jobs such as architects or judges.

Exc's objective

To include British rules in the NSW constitution and restrict Macquarie's power.

Regulations for convicts in Sydney

Included hard labor, boats chained at night, regular roll calls, and common flogging.

Role of Seasonal Workers

Worked year-round jobs were taken, waiting for a good season to earn all their money.