try again mt 2 psych

Working Memory

Extremely limited in capacity, used for temporarily holding and processing information.

Digit Span

A measure of working memory capacity, reflecting how many digits can be repeated back.

William James

Proposed the idea of an ongoing train of thought, where some information fades but can return.

H.M.

A famous case of a patient who developed anterograde amnesia after hippocampal resection.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new long-term memories after an incident.

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Memory store for information that can be retained over extended periods.

Short-term Memory (STM)

A temporary storage system with a normal capacity of 7 +/- 2 items.

E.P.

A patient with viral encephalitis who could not create new long-term memories but had intact short-term memory.

K.F.

A patient who had brain damage from an accident, retaining long-term memory but experiencing impaired short-term memory.

Recency Effect

The tendency to recall the last items in a sequence better than earlier items.

Primary Effect

The tendency to better recall the first items in a sequence due to undivided attention.

Verbal Rehearsal

A process in short-term memory involving the repetition of words to retain information.

Semantic Errors

Mistakes in recalling items that are meaningfully similar, impacting long-term memory.

George Sperling

Conducted experiments on sensory memory using partial report procedures to study memory storage.

Partial Report Technique

A method where participants are shown a stimulus and asked to recall only a part of it.

Iconic Memory

A component of sensory memory specifically related to visual information.

Phonological Loop

A part of working memory responsible for storing and processing verbal and auditory information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A component of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

George Miller's Magical Number

The idea that the average capacity of working memory is about 7 items.

Chunking

A technique to improve memory by grouping information into smaller, manageable units.

Interim Memory

Temporary storage for working with information that is not currently perceptually present.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that aid in the recall of information from memory.

Context-dependent Memory

Memory retrieval that is enhanced when the context during encoding matches the context during recall.

Spreading Activation

The process of retrieving associated concepts in memory for easier recall.

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and events that can be consciously recalled.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious recall of previously learned information, often demonstrated through performance.

Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences and specific events in time.

Semantic Memory

Memory for facts, concepts, and knowledge about the world.

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of memories that were formed before an amnesia-inducing incident.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to create new memories after a specific event.

Forgetting Curve

The rate at which information is forgotten over time, typically showing rapid initial decay followed by gradual slowing.

Consolidation

The process through which memories become stable and enduring over time.

Decay Theory

The idea that memories fade and disappear over time.

Retroactive Interference

When new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Proactive Interference

When older memories interfere with the recall of new information.

Massed Practice

Learning method that involves studying a large amount of information in a short time.

Spaced Practice

Learning method that spreads study sessions out over time for better long-term retention.

Testing Effect

The enhanced ability to remember information after being tested on it.

Emotional Memory

Memories that are enhanced due to the emotional significance of the events.

Flashbulb Memory

Highly detailed and vivid memories of significant events, often prone to inaccuracies.

Source Monitoring

The process of determining the origins of our memories.

Misinformation Effect

When misleading information is incorporated into one's memory of an event.

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

The idea that repeated reviewing of events contributes to how memories are constructed.

False Memories

Memories that a person believes to be true but are distortions or fabricated.

Context Reinstatement

The process of recreating the context in which a memory was formed to aid retrieval.

Source Confusion

Mistaking the source of a memory, often leading to false recollections.

Anderson and Schooler (1991)

Researchers who discussed how prioritizing recent and frequent memories can enhance memory accessibility.

Reminiscent Bump

The phenomenon where people tend to recall more memories from their adolescence and early adulthood.