39 History: since the dawn of civilisation

Archaeologists

Person who studies the material evidence of past societies: Nhà khảo cổ học

empires

Group of countries ruled by a single person: Đế quốc, đế chế

kingdoms

Individual countries ruled by a king or queen: Vương quốc

dynasties

Different rulers who are all from the same family, or a period of time that a country is controlled by them: Triều đại

dawn

Beginning: Sự khởi đầu, bình minh

reigns

Period that a king, queen or emperor rules: Triều đại, thời gian cai trị

heirs

Person who is legally entitled to continue the work of someone important who has died or who has the same position as they had: Người thừa kế

successors

Person who takes over from another person: Người kế nhiệm

coronations

Event when a king or queen receives his/her crown: Lễ đăng quang

conquests

When someone or an army defeats and takes over another country: Cuộc chinh phạt, sự xâm chiếm

manuscripts

Texts written by hand: Bản viết tay, bản thảo

peasants

Person who works on the land and earns little, usually having a low social status: Nông dân nghèo, tá điền

labourers

Person who does unskilled manual work: Người lao động chân tay

migrations

Moving from one place to another in large numbers: Sự di cư

shreds

Very small amounts: Mảnh nhỏ, vệt nhỏ, lượng rất ít

Bronze Age

Period when the metals copper and tin began to be used to make weapons, tools, etc.: Thời đại Đồ đồng

medieval

Of or from the European Middle Ages, i.e. 1000–1500 AD: Thuộc thời Trung cổ

Renaissance

Period of new growth of interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries: Thời kỳ Phục hưng

pre-colonial

Period before Europeans arrived in large numbers and took power: Trước thời kỳ thuộc địa

post-colonial

Occurring or existing after the end of colonial rule: Sau thời kỳ thuộc địa

infantry

Soldiers on foot: Bộ binh

cavalry

Soldiers on horseback: Kỵ binh

(suit of) armour

Metal protective clothing worn by soldiers: Bộ áo giáp

chariot

Two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient times for racing and war: Xe ngựa chiến (xe hai bánh do ngựa kéo)

galleon

Large sailing ship with three or four masts, used in the 15th to 18th centuries: Thuyền buồm lớn (thế kỷ 15 đến 18)

warlord

A military leader who controls a country or, more often, an area within a country: Lãnh chúa, quân phiệt

slave

Person legally owned by someone else and who has to work for them: Nô lệ

slavery

The state of being a slave or the system of owning slaves: Chế độ nô lệ, tình trạng nô lệ

ruler

Leader of a country: Người cai trị, nhà cầm quyền

explorer

Someone who travels to places that no one is thought ever to have visited, in order to find out what is there: Nhà thám hiểm

merchant

Someone who buys and sells things in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries: Thương gia, thương nhân

monarch

Neutral term for a king or queen: Quốc vương, quân chủ (vua hoặc nữ hoàng)

monarchy

A country with a king or queen at its head: Chế độ quân chủ, vương quốc quân chủ

the nobility

Collective term for people of the highest social rank in a society: Giới quý tộc, tầng lớp quý tộc