Depth 5: The Nile Valley, 1882-98

When did Arabi Pasha lead a coup?

1879

Who was the pro-British leader of Egypt?

Khedive Tewfik

When was the Egyptian Nationalist party created?

1879

What was the slogan of the Egyptian Nationalist Party?

'Egypt for the Egyptians'

In 1880 what percentage of Egypt's exports were bought by Britain?

80%

In 1880 what percentage of Egypt's imports were supplied by Britain?

45%

What percentage of shipping through the Suez Canal was on British ships?

80%

In 1875 what percentage of Suez Canal shares were held by britain?

45%

When did violent anti-Christian riots break out in Alexandria?

11 June 1882

How many people were killed in the riots in Alexandria?

50 Europeans

250 Egyptians

How much of the population of Alexandria were European in 1882?

46,400 of 232,000

What percentage of Gladstone's personal fortune was invested in Egyptian loans?

37%

In the 1880s what percentage of Britain's total exports were to Egypt?

5%

What did the British and french write to the Egyptian government in 1882?

Gambetta Note

When did Charles de Freycinet replace Léon Gambetta in the French government?

30 January 1882

When did the Anglo-French fleet sail to Alexandria?

20 May 1882

When did British warships begin bombarding the city?

11 July 1882

Where were Arabi Pasha and his forces defeated on 12 September 1882?

Tel el-Kebir

How many casualties were there at Tel el-Kebir?

57 British

2,000 Egyptian

When was Arabi Pasha imprisoned and exiled?

3 December 1882

Where was Arabi Pasha exiled to?

Ceylon

When did Sir Evelyn Baring return to Egypt as consul general?

1883

When did London effectively control Egypt?

1882-1914

How many times did the British government announce its intention to leave Egypt?

66

How long did Baring and Lord Salisbury say full reform of Egypt would take?

15 years

When did Salisbury work with Turkey, France and Germany to create an agreement on britain re-entering Egypt?

1887-89

When was Sir Evelyn Baring the British consul general in Egypt?

1883-1907

By when had Baring restored Egypt to solvency?

1887

How much of the money raised in tax during the Baring years was used for debt repayment?

1/2

How much of the loan agreed under the London Convention (1885) was used on stabilising the debt situation?

£8 million of £9 million

How much money was used on irrigation and clearing drainage canals of the Nile flood plains?

£1 million

How much of government revenue 1882-1902 was used on agriculture and hydraulic improvement?

8%

When was the Survey of Land Taxation?

1884

How much tax was there per acre on peasant farmer land compared to land held by large landowners?

£1, 6 shillings peasant farmers

10 shillings large landowners

Who replaced Tewfik as Khedive in 1892?

Abbas Hilami

When did Baring increase primary school tuition feees to decrease enrolment?

1901

When did Egyptian control of the Sudan become a formal occupation?

1821

When did Khedive Ismail appoint Gordon as Governor of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan?

1873

When did Gordon resign from his position as Governor of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan?

1880

How many Egyptians survived the mahdi's attack on Sir William Hicks' 1883 expedition?

300 of 7,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry

When did Muhammad Ahmad declare himself the mahdi?

1881

When was general Gordon dispatched to the Sudan to organise an evacuation?

1884

How many days too late did the relief campaign arrive in Khartoum?

2 days

When did the mahdi's forces break through Khartoum fortifications?

26 January 1885

How many survivors were there at Khartoum?

0

When did news about Khartoum reach London?

5 February 1885

When did Gladstone and the Liberals lose the general election?

1885

What was Gladstone renamed from Grand Old Man (GOM)?

Murderer of Gordon (MOG)

When did Lord Salisbury order a campaign to the Sudan to secure the source of the Nile?

1896

Who led the expedition launched in 1896?

Lord Kitchener

Where were the Italians defeated by the mahdists in 1896?

Battle of Adowa

When did Britain declare the whole Nile Valley under its 'sphere of influence'?

1890

Where did the French and British forces meet in 1898?

Fashoda

How many French and British forces were there at Fashoda?

120 French

1,500 British and 5 gunboats

When did the French quietly drop claims to Fashoda?

3 November 1898

When did Kitchener's forces wipe out mahdist garrison at Ferekh?

1896

What position did Lord Kitchener hold until the First World War?

Secretary of War

What did Kitchener retake?

Khartoum

When was the Battle of Omdurman?

2 September 1898

What was the first fully-automated machine gun?

Maxim gun 1884

How many of the mahdist forces were killed, imprisoned and wounded at Omdurman?

10,000 dead

13,000 taken prisoner

5,000 wounded

How many of the British forces at Omdurman were killed and wounded?

47 dead

380 wounded