CLEP Exam: Human Growth and Development

List The Big Five.

1.) Extroversion

2.) Neuroticism

3.) Agreeableness

4.) Conscientiousness

5.) Openness

Neuroticism refers to ________ instability

Emotional

In development research, nature is the ______ component of an organisms development

Hereditary

The nature of a person can include what?

- Physical

- Mental

- Emotional traits

In developmental research, the ________ component of an organisms development is known as nurture

Environmental

Sensory ______ studies are done in developmental psychology research to try to determine what effect the environment has on development

Deprivation

Environmental theories are those theories that aim to explain or predict behavior based primarily on a persons __________ and past experience, and not placing as much emphasis on genetics

Learning

According to ________ hierarchy of needs, at the top of the pyramid is self-actualization

Abraham Maslow

Define, "The need to reach ones unique potential to the fullest"

Self-actualization

Epigenetic theories emphasize what?

Nature and nurture

Erikson proposed that there were eight stages of psycho-social development. List the four of which occur during childhood.

1.) Trust vs. Mistrust

2.) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

3.) Initiative vs. Guilt

4.) Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson defined eight stages, and a _______ that is associated with each stage

Crisis

The _______ stage deals with whether the child develops a sense of confidence in intellectual and social skills or develops a sense of failure and lack of confidence

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity Formation was studied by _________, who constructed the major task of adolescence as ________________.

- Erik Erikson

- Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (Who am I uniquely?)

According to Eirksons eight stages of human development, the crisis experienced in the adolescence stage is __________

Identity

Erik Eriksons adolescence stage lasts from Age ____ to ______, and during this time humans deal with the ______ -----"Who am I?"

- 12- 18

- Identity Crisis

Erikson considered what to be the single most significant conflict a person must face?

Identity Crisis

Eirksons second stage Autonomy vs. Doubt marks the beginning of what?

Self-control and self-confidence

Define, "The observation of repeated patterns of behavior of an individual"

Behaviorism

Traditional ____________ believe that learning plays the most important role in determining future development

Behaviorists

The law of effect is __________ principle that responses associated with pleasant consequences tend to be repeated, while those associated with discomforting consequences tend to be eliminated

Thorndike

Ethology focuses on researching what?

Inherited behavior through family genetics and lineage

The study of human and animal behavior from a _______ point of view, characterized by the study of animals in their natural environments is known as ethology

Biological

_______ was initially trained as a biologist and naturalist, and later became a psychologist, and was known best for his studies in ethology during his early career

Jean Piaget

Define, "Describes classrooms where students with disabilities and students who do not have disabilities are together"

Mainstreaming

During _______ growth, adaptation is apparent when a person or thing changes to fit with its surroundings

Cognitive

What are the two ways in which a person adapts his/her thinking?

1.) Assimilation

2.) Accommodation

Define, "Involves incorporating new information into previously existing thinking structures or schema"

Assimilation

Assimilation is Piagets term for the ability to take in information and perceptions that are _______ with the persons current understanding of the world

Compatible

Piagets term for the process in which people adjust or change their understanding to incorporate aspects of an experience not currently represented in the cognitive structure is known as ___________

Accommodation

Define, "Involves the formation of new mental structures or schema when new information does not fit into existing structures"

Accommodation

An adults personality has some kind of biological basis in the temperament he was ________ with as a child. However, the _____________ he grows up in plays a huge role in shaping that temperament into his personality as an adult.

- Born

- Environment

Define, "When a person is satisfied with their life and what they've accomplished and passed on to the next generation."

Ego integrity

Define, "When the person has reached almost the end of their life and they have regrets about not doing everything they hoped to do or pass on to the next generation"

Ego Despair

What is considered average on an IQ test?

100

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of ________, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein. The extreme lack of protein causes an osmotic imbalance in the gastro-intestinal system causing swelling of the gut diagnosed as an edema or retention of water.

Malnutrition

Define, "Is literally the direction in which growth will probably go. In cognitive development theory, the term is used to describe the stages of cognitive development -- representing only what typically occurs during the development of most individuals, but not necessarily in the development of all individuals"

Probabilistic epigenesis

Empirical evidence is the information collected that is based sole on experiments or ______ observations

Objective

Hierarchy of motives is a theory developed by ________ in which more basic needs must be met first before needs of a higher order can come into play

Abraham Maslow

What is the Hierarchy of motives also referred to as?

Hierarchy of needs

List the hierarchy of needs

- Self-Actualization (top)

- Esteem

- Love

- Safety

- Physiological (bottom)

What is a crucial aspect for understanding the hierarchy of needs?

Needs at the bottom must be fulfilled before needs at the top become a source of motivation

A _________ design is a research design that measures the characteristics and behaviors of groups of people in the same age group from similarities and differences

Time lag

Within the process of testing and research there are certain elements of the process that are arranged in a particular way so that the observer is able to observe the effects of a manipulated variable on its subjects. The arranged _________ within research are known as controls.

Conditions

Define, "A time window within which the brain must experience certain things, or certain skills can never be developed"

Critical period

A _________ is an elimination of a complex emotion by bringing it to consciousness and allowing it to be expressed

Catharsis

Catharsis is used within what theory?

Psychoanalytic theory

The degree of agreement or disagreement between two or more observers who make simultaneous observations of a single event is known as interobserver ___________

Reliability

An ________ is an enlargement, increase, or extension of initial research

Extension

A relatively informal naturalistic observation of an infants routines and behaviors is known as a baby _______

Biography

Define, "Is a tool that is based on observation and data collection to determine the skills and advancements of an infant for its age to determine development"

Baby biography

____________ is the study of the relationships between the physical attributes of stimuli and the psychological experiences that they produce. It is the oldest subfield in psychology.

Psychophysics

What are the two attempts of psychophysics?

1.) To assess sensitivity of ones senses

2.) One a theoretical level provide a means relating the physical outside world to that of the inner psychological world

Signal detection theory takes the position that stimulus detection involves a ______ process of separating a signal from background noise

Decision-making

What occurs when we learn to not respond to repeated occurrences of a stimulus?

Habituation

Light travels in the form of waves of energy, and differences in intensity of light correspond to differences in the wave ______ of light.

Amplitude

The amplitude of a wave is represented by its ________, and the amplitude of a light wave is the representation of a lights _____________

- Height

- Physical intensity

_______ light is called monochromatic because it is made up of light waves of all one length or hue

Pure

The physical purity of a light source determines the psychological characteristic that is known as _________

Saturation

List the three types of visual constancy

1.) Color constancy

2.) Size constancy

3.) Shape constancy

Define, "Refers to the fact that an object looks the same as we move further away from it -- whether it is one foot away, or five feet away, a bow of cereal looks the same"

Size constancy

Olfaction is the sense of _________

Smell

Maximum _________ development takes place between the ages of three and a half and seven years of age

Perceptual

List the four stages of development

1.) Sensorimotor stage

2.) Preoperational stage

3.) Concrete operations stage

4.) Formal operations stage

- Jean Piaget

At birth, the least developed part of an infants central nervous system is its ____________

Cerebral cortex

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

- Learning

- Thinking

- Reading

- Problem solving

In the sensorimotor stage, children discover by sensing and by _________

Doing

A child that has not developed _________ will forget about a ball as soon as he cannot see it, because as soon as the ball leaves his sight, it does not exist for him

Object permanence

In the visual cliff experiment, a childs ______ perception is tested

Depth

Define, "The tough, round, virtually transparent outer shell of the eye where light first enters"

Cornea

Having passed through the cornea, light then travels through the pupil, which is an opening in the ________, the part of the eye which is pigmented or colored.

Iris

Loudness is a psychological characteristic which is measured by people, not instruments. The ______ scale of sound intensity has been constructed so that it reflects perceived loudness in humans

Decibel

Another period is known as a _______ period in which a particular organism is most sensitive to the effects of the stimuli

Sensitive

During the sensitive period child may develop what if they are misguided?

Negative behaviors

_____ Theory of Cognitive Development discusses the development of schemas

Piaget

Define, "Approach people take to organize the world into an interrelated network of schemas by which they can categorize and identity people and things for recognition and further understanding"

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

One key concept of Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development is _____ -- altering your way of thinking in response to new information

Accommodation

In the secondary circular reactions substage of Piagets ______ stage, infants behavior expands from being centered no their own bodies to interacting with their environment.

Sensorimotor

The _____ stage is a time where the childs thinking is self-centered

Preoperational

Describe what happens during the preoperational stage

The child comes to understand that he/she is an independent and separate person in the world

According to Jean Piaget, one major characteristic of the _____ stage is egocentrism, where children consider their own point of view to be the only possible one

Preoperational

When does rule-governed behavior begin?

Concrete operational stage

Understanding _______ signals the beginning of the concrete operational stage

Conservation

- EX: If you show a child two equally sized balls of clay, and then flatten one of the balls into a pancake, he might say there is more clay in the pancake, even though he amount of clay never changed

In the concrete operations stage a child understands what?

- Reversibility

- Conservation

- Is able to classify things

The logical manipulation of ______, symbolic concepts does not appear until the last of Piaget's stages - formal operations

Abstract

What is the key to the formal operations stage?

Abstract, symbolic reasoning (usually beginning at adolescence)

According to Piaget, it isn't until a child reaches the formal operations stage that he is capable of _____ thought and discussing things in scientific terms

Abstract

A child must be in the _____ stage of cognitive development before he can discuss scientific operations and principles such as Newton's laws of motions

Formal operations stage

_____ was a Swiss psychologist who theorized that cognitive development proceeds in four genetically determined stages that always follow the same sequential order, and was best known for his groundbreaking work in developmental psychology

Piaget

What are Piagets four stages of cognitive development?

1.) Sensorimotor

2.) Preoperational

3.) Concrete operational

4.) Formal operational

A view that states that there is but one memory, but that information can be processed within that memory at different degrees, levels, or depths is known as levels of _______ model of memory

Processing

Define, "Contains information received immediately from a persons senses into the human brain."

Sensory memory

Sensory information is stored for just an ________, and we decide what to process further

Instant

Sensory experiences which you do decide to process are moved to the ________

Short-term memory

Define, "A type of long-term memory which is structured record of facts, concepts, and skills that we have acquired"

Semantic memory

What would be stored in the semantic memory?

Things such as a word definition or the name of the 25th president

Define, "Stores our life events and experiences. It is a time-related memory and is very much autobiographical"

Episodic

Give an example of an episodic memory

Your 15th birthday, an event which happened at a specific time, would be an episodic memory

What type of long-term memory essentially directs all long-term memory searches?

Metamemory

Define, "The remembrance process the raids in the association and comparison between old and new information"

Recognition