Cardio Exam 1 (Hoehns and Cantrell)

Which valve controls the flow of oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle into the artery leading to the lungs?

Pulmonary

Which valve controls the flow of oxygen poor blood between the upper and lower right chambers of the heart?

Tricuspid

Which valve controls the flow of oxygen rich blood from the upper and lower left chambers of the heart?

Mitral

Which valve controls the flow of oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle into the main artery towards the rest of the body?

Aortic

Which ventricle has lower pressure

Right ventricle

Which ventricle has higher pressure?

Left ventricle

How many “normal” heart sounds are there?

2

Sound that occurs when the mitral and tricuspid valves close at the beginning of systole

S1

Sound that occurs when the aortic and pulmonary valves close at the end of systole

S2

Which test records the electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to contract?

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

What stimulates the contraction of the heart muscle cells?

Depolarization (influx of positive charge into cells)

What causes the “spikes” on an EKG?

The positive wave of depolarization

What cell type begins the electrical impulse that triggers depolarization and are often called “pacemaker cells”?

SA node

What happens when the impulse reaches the AV node?

There is a brief pause in conduction to allow blood to enter the ventricles

Which wave represents the depolarization and contraction of the atrial (upper chambers) of the heart?

P wave

Which wave is the first downward stroke of the complex? It may or may not be present

Q wave

Which wave is the first upward stroke of the complex?

R wave

Which wave is the last stroke of the complex and faces downwards?

S wave

What does the QRS complex represent?

Ventricular (lower chamber) depolarization

Which wave represents repolarization of the ventricles?

T wave

What does the QT interval represent?

Ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Which cardiovascular test evaluates your response to exercise?

Exercise stress testing

Why is exercise stress testing used to assess chest pain/functional status?

To increase oxygen demand and potentially induce ischemia

What is the major indicator of a positive exercise stress test?

Any ST wave changes from baseline

Which cardiovascular test is used to visualize structures of the heart such as valves or wall motion?

Echocardiogram

Which echocardiogram technique is noninvasive (probes on the chest)?

Transthorasic

Which echocardiogram technique is invasive?

Transesophageal

Which test is best to assess valvular dysfunction?

Echocardiogram

Which test uses isotopes to visualize blood flow to areas of the heart?

Nuclear cardiology

Which test is used to gain vascular access to the coronary arteries using catheters?

Cardiac catheterization

Rank these from least to most invasive

EKG, exercise stress testing, echocardiogram, nuclear cardiology, cardiac catheterization

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