U.S. History: Jefferson, War of 1812, and Early Industrialization

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists (Adams) to Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson).

Candidates in Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams (with Aaron Burr as Jefferson's running mate).

Tie & Resolution in Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr tied; the House of Representatives chose Jefferson after 36 ballots.

Significance of Election of 1800

Marked the first peaceful party transition in U.S. history; led to the 12th Amendment.

Jefferson's Beliefs

Advocated for small federal government and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Agrarianism

Believed farmers were the backbone of democracy.

Opposition to National Bank

Saw it as unconstitutional and favoring the elite.

Individual Liberty

Supported civil liberties and state sovereignty.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million.

Doubles U.S. Size

Gave control of Mississippi River and New Orleans.

Constitutional Dilemma of Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson wrestled with strict vs. loose interpretation.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Sent to explore and map the new territory.

Embargo of 1807

Banned all U.S. exports to foreign nations.

Effect of Embargo of 1807

Crippled American commerce, especially in New England.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Prelude to War of 1812

Increased tensions with Britain.

War of 1812 Causes

Impressment of U.S. sailors, British arming of Native Americans, trade restrictions.

Key Battles of War of 1812

Burning of Washington D.C., Battle of New Orleans.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812 and restored prewar boundaries.

War Hawks

Young Congressmen advocating for war against Britain.

Era of Good Feelings

Time Period during James Monroe's presidency (1817-1825).

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and gave up Oregon claims.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

No new European colonization in the Americas.

Judicial Review

Power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

States cannot tax federal institutions.

American System

Economic plan created by Henry Clay.

Barbary Pirates

Demanded tribute for safe passage along North African coast.

Lewis & Clark Expedition Purpose

Explore Louisiana Territory and find route to Pacific.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created new judgeships before leaving office.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

State law repealing land grants unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British ship Leopard attacked U.S. ship Chesapeake.

Peaceable Coercion

Jefferson's policy of using trade restrictions instead of war.

Continental System

Napoleon's plan to block British trade with Europe.

Berlin & Milan Decrees

Forbade European trade with Britain and authorized seizure of neutral ships.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Balanced slave and free states with a line drawn at 36°30′.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Protected private contracts from state interference.

Native Americans & British in War of 1812

British alliance with Native tribes intensified frontier conflict.

Early Industrialization

Shift toward factory-based production in the early 1800s.

Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804)

Explored the Louisiana Territory and reached the Pacific.

Samuel Chase Impeachment Trial

Test of judicial independence during Jefferson's presidency.

Market Revolution (1815-1845)

Transformation of the U.S. economy toward national markets.

Transportation Revolution

Rapid improvements in moving goods and people.

American Cities Under Jefferson

Cities grew slowly but became centers of early industry and trade.

Yazoo Controversy

Corrupt land sale in Georgia that led to major Supreme Court case.

Election of 1828

Jackson's victory signaled rise of mass democracy.

Elements of Jacksonian Democracy

Expanded political participation for white men.

Panic of 1819

First major economic depression in U.S. history.

Jefferson's Foreign Policy

Focused on avoiding war and reducing military spending.

Jefferson & Native Americans

Promoted assimilation but pushed for land cessions.

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

Key naval victory securing control of the Great Lakes.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalist meeting criticizing the War of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807)

Attempt to stop British/French interference by banning trade.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Tried to manipulate Britain and France through selective trade benefits.

End to External Slave Trade (1808)

Congress banned importation of slaves into the U.S.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British attack on U.S. ship increased calls for war.

Barbary Pirates (1801)

Jefferson confronted North African states that extorted tribute.

John Marshall's Judicial Philosophy

Strengthened federal power and the independence of the courts.

First major foreign military action

Boosted American pride and naval experience.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Proposed limits on slavery in Missouri.

Commercial Farming

Shift from subsistence to producing crops for national markets.

New States

Rapid western settlement created new states in early 1800s.

Textile Mills & 'Lowell Girls'

Early factory system using young female labor.

Election of 1824 & 'Corrupt Bargain'

Controversial election decided by the House of Representatives.

Sarah Bagley

Labor activist fighting for improved working conditions.

Preemption Rights

Allowed settlers to buy land they had already improved.

Canal Boom

Period of rapid canal construction to connect markets.

Consequences of the War of 1812

War reshaped American identity and politics.

Napoleon vs. P.E.A.R.

European conflict drew U.S. into diplomatic tensions.

Clay's American System

Plan to strengthen the national economy.

Monroe & Foreign Policy

Asserted U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

Internal Improvements

Government-funded infrastructure projects.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Reduced military presence on Great Lakes.

Anglo-American Convention (1818)

Settled U.S.-British disputes peacefully.

Treaty Line of 1818

Boundary established between U.S. and British Canada.

British War Strategy (War of 1812)

Focused on blockades and attacking key U.S. regions.

Steamboats

Revolutionized river transportation.

Important Native American Leaders

Key figures resisted U.S. expansion.

'Peaceable Coercion'

Jefferson's strategy to avoid war through economic pressure.

Jefferson & Gallatin

Worked together to reduce national debt and shrink government.

Jeffersonian Reforms

Policies that reduced federal power and supported agrarianism.

U.S. Population Growth

Rapid expansion in early 19th century.

Madison's Foreign Policy

Struggled to balance neutrality during European wars.

'Era of the Common Man'

Expanded political participation under Jackson.

Lowell, Massachusetts

Center of early textile manufacturing.

Factory System / Textiles

Mass production using mechanized equipment and wage labor.

Cotton Kingdom (1815-1860)

Southern economy dominated by cotton production.

Cotton Gin

Machine that revolutionized cotton processing.

Steam Engine

Revolutionary power source that transformed industry and transportation in the U.S.