psyc 100 - Intelligence & Problem Solving

g (general factor)

general intelligence, mental ability

IQ

Intelligence Quotient

Studying Intelligence (Cognitive Approach)

Looks at brain processes connected to mental abilities

Studying Intelligence (Psychometric Approach)

Objective measurements using psychological tests

Sir Francis Galton’s Theory

Greater intelligence would lead to more efficient nervous system skill size would lead to more brain volume and higher intelligence

Alfred Binet

developed the first IQ test which was used to help identifiy children who would benefit from early intervention

Standardization

adapted to the Stanford-Binet test. Normal distribution at 100 for IQ tests

Binet-Simon IQ formula

IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100

Weschler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS-lll)

Intelligence test that used both verbal and performance skills

Deviation IQ

Developed by Weschler - Compares scores to average performance in your age range

Normed

Determining the range of scores against which to compare an individual

The Flynn Effect (James Flynn)

Theorized that the world population has been collectively increasing IQ test scores

Validity

Accurately measuring what you intend to measure

Charles Spearman’s g

One underlying component that determined one’s intelligence (ex. skills in math and skills in english are correlated)

G (General Mental Ability)

A general mental capacity

What is the Three Stratum Model of Intelligence?

John Carroll suggests intelligence can be broken down into three levels:

• Stratum I: Narrow abilities (specific skills like memory, processing speed).

• Stratum II: Broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence).

• Stratum III: General intelligence (g), which is the overall intellectual ability.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory

Proposed that there is not simply one underlying aspect of intelligence and it is made up of several components

Savants

very gifted in a skill, but overall intellectually disabled

Theory of Work Adjustment

How job satisfaction and job performance are influenced by the fit between an individual’s abilities and workplace demands.

Talent Development

Equal importance of individual abilities and interests as well as an environment that responds with rewards

The Holland Occupation Themes RIASEC

The RIASEC model, developed by John Holland, classifies jobs into six broad categories based on personality and interests:

• Realistic (R)

• Investigative (I)

• Artistic (A)

• Social (S)

• Enterprising (E)

• Conventional (C)

Simon’s Bounded Rationality Theory

We try to make rational decisions, but we have cognitive limitations from being fully rational

1. Cognitive Limitations

2. Psychological Limitations

Algorithms

Solutions that attempt to sort through all possible outcomes of a given problem

Hieuristics

Mental shortcuts that help people make decisions quickly and efficiently, but they are not always accurate.

Anchoring Bias

When previous knowledge limits how far one is willing to go in accepting new thoughts

Ex. You see a $100 shirt, then a $50 shirt. You think $50 is cheap, even though it's still expensive.

Framing Bias

When decisions are influenced by how information is presented

Ex. 90% fat-free” vs. “10% fat”

Nudge Decision Making

When choices are designed to guide decisions without removing freedom of choice

Ex. Opt-out programs