Chap 12-13

1. People generally think __________ crime is the greatest criminal danger.

A) street B) white collar C) blue collar D) political

A) Street

2. The most common definition of crime is __________.

A) violating a moral belief B) infringing on human rights C) breaking a law D) disobeying authority

C) Breaking a law

3. An act of force perceived by the powerful as threatening to the status quo is called __________.

A) violence B) a crime C) secondary deviance D) racial profiling

A) violence

4. The Uniform Crime Reports focus on __________.

A) crimes reported to the police B) organized crime C) political crime D) corporate crime

A) crimes reported to the police

5. In 2010, women represented __________ percent of all arrests.

A) under 10 B) about 15 C) almost 25 D) 50

C) almost 25

6. Criminal arrests tend to involve __________.

A) the middle class B) the undereducated C) part-time workers D) immigrants

B) the undereducated

7. Acts that violate laws that enforce the morality of the majority are known as __________.

A) white-collar crimes B) moral order crimes C) political crimes D) organized crime

B) moral order crimes

8. Deviant behavior that is a consequence of the self-fulfilling prophecy of a negative label is called __________.

A) secondary deviance B) political crime C) victimless crime D) white-collar crime

A) secondary deviance

9. A business operation that seeks profit by supplying illegal goods and services refers to __________.

A) racial profiling B) recidivism C) organized crime D) political crime

C) organized crime

10. __________ is a major characteristic of organized crime.

A) Supplying legal goods and services that are in great demand B) Dependency on the corruption of the police and government officials for survival C) Encouragement of entrepreneurial activities by its members D) A chaotic and inefficient organizational structure

B) Dependency on the corruption of the police and government officials for survival

11. White-collar crime refers to crime that is __________.

A) committed by people from working-class backgrounds B) often termed "hustles" C) committed by middle- and upper-middle-class people in the course of their business and social activities D) committed by the Mafia

C) committed by middle- and upper-middle-class people in the course of their business and social activities

12. __________ is an act that breaks the law regardless of whether it breaks a social norm.

A) Violence B) A crime C) Secondary deviance D) Racial profiling

A) Violence

13. Official crime rates from the UCR are __________ because the fluctuations they show from year to year could really be due to many factors.

A) lies B) misleading C) over reported D) underreported

B) misleading

14. People labeled as criminals in the United States are disproportionately __________.

A) women B) the rich C) racial minorities D) Whites

C) racial minorities

15. There are two types of criminals: the __________ offender and the __________ criminal.

A) famous

everyday B) habitual

one-time-only C) drug

property D) violent

white-collar

B) habitual

one-time-only

16. __________ believe that a swift and severe punishment acts as a deterrent for criminals.

A) Progressives B) Conservatives C) Men D) Women

B) Conservatives

17. Laws against victimless crimes __________.

A) reduce moral transgressions B) are not enforceable C) aid organized crime D) target the young

C) aid organized crime

18. Moral order crimes are also known as __________ because they are commonly thought to only harm the person committing the crime.

A) primary deviance B) secondary deviance C) violence D) victimless crimes

D) victimless crimes

19. The major benefit of using the NCVS is that __________.

A) people are more honest than the police B) it targets only particular races of people C) it includes crimes that occur regardless of whether police are involved D) it takes into account the breaking of social norms that are not necessarily considered crimes

C) it includes crimes that occur regardless of whether police are involved

20. What is the authors' explanation for the relationships between social class and the justice system?

A) The kinds of crimes listed by the FBI are those of the upper classes. B) The police and others in the criminal justice system assume that upper-class people are criminal. C) Economic deprivation may induce people to turn to crime to ease their situations. D) People in the lower classes have social networks that help them to avoid detection and prosecution.

C) Economic deprivation may induce people to turn to crime to ease their situations.

21. Crimes that may offend the majority but do not harm other people, such as gambling, are called __________ crimes.

A) corporate B) victimless C) white-collar D) blue-collar

B) victimless

22. Which of the following is most likely to show up in the Uniform Crime Report?

A) Tax fraud B) Embezzlement C) Bribery D) Assault

D) Assault

23. Angela was robbed three months ago and nobody was ever prosecuted for the crime. Angela was contacted to participate in the NCVS. Will Angela's robbery show up on her NCVS report?

A) No. The NCVS does not ask about property theft. B) No. The NCVS only takes into account crimes that resulted in someone being put in jail. C) Yes, if it was reported to the police. D) Yes, even if it was not reported to the police.

D) Yes, even if it was not reported to the police.

24. __________ is an example of corporate crime.

A) Negative advertising B) Assault C) Price-fixing D) Slander

C) Price-fixing ...

25. Cheating on personal income tax and time theft are examples of __________.

A) organized crime B) street crime C) white-collar crime D) corporate crime

C) white-collar crime

26. Although Americans are most concerned with __________ crime, the most economically damaging crimes are __________.

A) street

corporate B) corporate

white-collar C) white-collar

street D) organized

street

A) street

corporate

27. Billy has started an organization to supply people with drugs, prostitution, and money laundering. His efforts at organized crime in these areas have a good chance at succeeding because __________.

A) organized crime is seen as a benefit to society B) there is always a desire for illegal goods and services C) nobody has thought to organize the production and delivery of illegal goods before D) we live in a lawless society

B) there is always a desire for illegal goods and services

28. Mary was caught gambling and smoking marijuana. She argues that her actions were only affecting her and not harming others because she was engaging in __________, but she served jail time anyway because the state argued that it has a right to uphold the morals of its citizens who are opposed to Mary's activities.

A) a victimless crime B) secondary deviance C) organized crime D) white-collar crime

A) a victimless crime

29. Billy knows that the tires his company are making are not as safe as they need to be because there is a defect in the manufacturing process, but he bribed a customs official to allow them into the country anyway. Billy is engaging in __________.

A) organized crime B) street crime C) white-collar crime D) corporate crime

D) corporate crime

30. Punishments handed out for corporate crimes communicate that __________.

A) as a society we just are not that concerned with corporate crime B) we view corporations as more responsible and accountable than other entities C) safety and accountability, not profit, are the overriding goals of the American marketplace D) corporate crime is generally rare and not very costly to American society

A) as a society we just are not that concerned with corporate crime

31. Eric was arrested for damaging property in a political protest while his friend John engaged in the same activity during spring break and had his transgressions overlooked. This is because __________.

A) intent matters when the powerful determine law and enforcement B) Eric broke a moral code C) John didn't violate any laws D) political protests violate human rights

A) intent matters when the powerful determine law and enforcement

32. Formal law enforcement policy begins with __________.

A) the police B) the prison system C) the laws D) social norms

A) the police

33. __________ is the practice of targeting citizens for police encounters on the basis of race.

A) Racial profiling B) Racial sensitivity C) Character profiling D) Aspect management

A) Racial profiling

34. Fewer than 10 percent of people charged with crimes ever go to trial. This is largely due to the process of __________.

A) court appeals B) plea bargaining C) habeas corpus D) due process

B) plea bargaining

35. The concept that, for a given offense, the judge must impose a specific sentence is called __________ sentencing.

A) determinate B) mandatory C) primary D) terminal

A) determinate

36. The definition of __________ views George Washington and Martin Luther King, Jr. as criminals.

A) street crimes B) political crimes C) white-collar crimes D) organized crime

B) political crimes

37. Jim Crow laws __________.

A) only existed in the northern United States B) enforced segregation between Native Americans and Whites C) included practices that kept African Americans from voting D) are still enforced widely

C) included practices that kept African Americans from voting

38. __________ is among the practices involved in setting bail that undermine the principle of fair treatment.

A) A strict enforcement of the Eighth Amendment, which prevents the setting of excessively high bail B) The amount of bail set, which overlooks the accused's ability to pay C) The fact that those who can't pay bail are set free until trial and thus are thus treated as if presumed innocent D) The amount of bail to be posted is based on a sliding income scale

B) The amount of bail set, which overlooks the accused's ability to pay

39. Central to the __________ system is a public battle between the accused and the accuser in front of an authority who can make a ruling.

A) plea bargaining B) bail C) adversary D) jail

C) adversary

40. __________ sentencing subordinates judicial discretion to the punitive, get-tough policies that have become popular with voters.

A) Discretionary B) Mandatory C) Indeterminate D) Judicial

B) Mandatory

41. Which of the following is considered to be a political crime?

A) Insider trading B) Government involvement in a secret action to overthrow a legitimate government in another country C) Conflicts of interest D) Price-fixing in order to ensure a lack of competition among corporations

B) Government involvement in a secret action to overthrow a legitimate government in another country

42. Vagrancy is an example of __________.

A) how our justice system is dominated by special interest groups B) how our laws discriminate against some classes C) police mistreatment D) a political crime

B) how our laws discriminate against some classes

43. The fact that Native Americans are stopped and searched more than three times as often as Whites despite the fact that Whites are more likely to be found with illegal items is taken as evidence of __________ by the police.

A) blind justice B) racial profiling C) an adversary system D) a political crime

B) racial profiling

44. Driving while Black (DWB) is an example of __________.

A) secondary deviance B) racial profiling C) street crime D) plea bargaining

B) racial profiling

45. The case of the Jena Six is an example of __________.

A) racial profiling B) a racially biased justice system C) mandatory sentencing D) determinate sentencing

B) a racially biased justice system

46. Wade is thinking about starting a company to run jails and prisons but wants to minimize his risks, so he works with various states to get a long-term contract and guarantees of minimum occupancy levels. Wade is becoming a part of the __________.

A) prison-industrial complex B) state profit system C) cradle to prison pipeline D) humane prison movement

A) prison-industrial complex

47. Laws against moral issues such as pornography, drug use, and gambling illustrate __________ as the powerful try to coerce others into accepting dominant morals.

A) the political nature of law creation B) the lack of accountability for corporations C) how rare political crimes really are D) the violence inherent in the justice system

A) the political nature of law creation

48. The police are somewhat unique in the criminal justice process in that they tend to work with their clients in __________ which gives them a tremendous amount of decisional __________.

A) public

latitude B) private

latitude C) public

restriction D) private

restriction

A) public

latitude

49. Jeff was arrested and convicted of his third felony. The judge has no choice other than to give him life without parole. This is an example of __________ sentencing.

A) mandatory B) determinate C) primary D) terminal

A) mandatory

50. In order to stop the cradle to prison pipeline __________ must be instituted to deal with inherent institutional inequalities that put people at risk of committing crimes and being detected and prosecuted for those crimes.

A) more humane prisons B) a prison-industrial complex C) a uniform crime report D) early childhood intervention programs

D) early childhood intervention programs

1. The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 served to accomplish which of the following?

A) It taxed the dispensing of marijuana products. B) It created the forerunner of the Bureau of Narcotics. C) It began to treat drug addiction as a behavioral problem rather than a legal one. D) It launched the War on Drugs.

B) It created the forerunner of the Bureau of Narcotics.

2. Prior to the passage of the __________, drug addicts were considered by the public to be sick and in need of help.

A) Mellon Act of 1910 B) Harrison Act of 1914 C) Anslinger Act of 1926 D) Tax Act of 1940

B) Harrison Act of 1914

3. Any substance that affects the structure or function of the body when ingested is known as a __________ regardless of legality or social norms.

A) narcotic B) barbiturate C) drug D) roofie

C) drug

4. The __________ refers to the definitions concerning drugs and drug-related behaviors based on the meanings that people in groups have imputed to certain things and behaviors as opposed to the technical differences between chemical substances.

A) politics of drugs B) social construction of drugs C) decriminalization of drugs D) war on drugs

A) politics of drugs

5. Drugs and drug use __________.

A) have definitions that are socially constructed B) produce agreement among different groups within society agree about their beliefs on drugs C) definitions are specified by the least powerful groups in society and become part of the law and imposed on others D) are not harmful in moderation

A) have definitions that are socially constructed

6. Opiates were declared illegal in a limited context in the nineteenth century due to __________.

A) concern for the large number of Civil War veterans who had become addicts B) the Progressive Movement's focus on health C) anti-Chinese sentiment D) the women's suffrage efforts

C) anti-Chinese sentiment

7. At one point in our nation's history, alcohol was classified as a __________ and outlawed.

A) narcotic B) psychoactive drug C) gateway drug D) cultural drug

D) cultural drug

8. Despite the fact that marijuana is viewed as a __________, research has shown that it __________ lead to hard drug use.

A) Gateway drug

does not B) narcotic

does not C) recreational drug

does D) legal drug

does

A) Gateway drug

does not

9. The media portrayal of the crack epidemic in the 1980s and the meth crisis of today are examples of __________ involving drugs.

A) changing laws B) prohibition C) moral panics D) rehabilitation efforts

C) moral panics

10. Michelle is opposed to marijuana legalization on the grounds that using it will lead to the use of other, worse drugs. Michelle thinks marijuana is a __________.

A) narcotic B) psychoactive drug C) gateway drug D) cultural drug

C) gateway drug

11. The liberalizing of punishments for marijuana use and possession in the mid-1900s as more Whites began to use the drug highlights the __________. A) social nature of drug use B) intersection of class and drug politics C) moral panic of drugs D) universal nature of drug definitions

B) intersection of class and drug politics

12. The active ingredient in marijuana is __________.

A) TAC B) ABC C) THC D) CAT

C) THC

13. Marijuana is commonly prescribed for __________.

A) easing migraine headaches B) reducing appetite for the obese C) social anxiety disorder D) curing ADHD

A) easing migraine headaches

14. Heroin, which is a(n) __________, is very addictive.

A) opiate B) amphetamine C) form of marijuana D) hallucinogen

A) opiate

15. Methamphetamine is a(n) __________.

A) narcotic B) amphetamine C) depressant D) hallucinogen

B) amphetamine

16. __________ is another name for methamphetamine.

A) Coke B) Crank C) Crack D) Coco

B) Crank

17. Cigarette smokers are at increased risk for __________.

A) Cirrhosis of the liver B) Anorexia C) ADHD D) Lung cancer

D) Lung cancer

18. Alcohol abuse is associated with __________.

A) Cirrhosis of the liver B) Anorexia C) ADHD D) Lung cancer

A) Cirrhosis of the liver

19. Alcohol is more commonly consumed by __________.

A) Whites B) Blacks C) Hispanics D) Asian Americans

A) Whites

20. The science whose primary focus is the study of drugs that affect the mind is called __________.

A) psychopharmacology B) psychiatry C) pharmacology D) psychology

A) psychopharmacology

1. The drugs used to treat __________ are the most often stolen prescriptions and the most abused drugs in the United States today.

A) ADHD B) cancer C) heart disease D) glaucoma

A) ADHD

22. Ritalin is a stimulant that affects the brain similarly to __________.

A) cocaine B) cigarettes C) marijuana D) heroin

A) cocaine

23. __________ is a danger associated with marijuana.

A) A negative effect on the lungs B) Increases in weight gain and obesity C) Increased hyperactivity D) Sudden cardiac arrest

A) A negative effect on the lungs

24. Marijuana __________.

A) is physically addictive B) has been shown definitively to lead people to use heroin C) has been shown definitively to lead people to use harder drugs D) has a negative effect on the lungs

D) has a negative effect on the lungs

25. The drug ecstasy __________.

A) is legal B) is a "club drug" C) impedes the body's temperature-regulating function D) makes users less motivated

C) impedes the body's temperature-regulating function

26. __________ is referred to as the date-rape drug because of its effect on inhibition and short-term memory.

A) GHB B) ABC C) BAB D) THC

A) GHB

27. Why is heroin dangerous?

A) Most users will overdose during the first three uses. B) The sharing of heroin needles may transmit HIV, hepatitis, and other diseases. C) It is cheap and widely available. D) Addiction occurs gradually over several years of regular use and thus happens without the user being aware.

B) The sharing of heroin needles may transmit HIV, hepatitis, and other diseases.

28. The tobacco industry has begun which of the following as a way of responding to declining U.S. sales?

A) Pulling out of political campaigns donations as a punishment to lawmakers for not passing favorable legislation B) Decreasing advertising in the United States C) Increasing advertising and sales overseas D) Marketing to senior citizens

C) Increasing advertising and sales overseas

29. __________ drugs are those used by athletes to improve performance.

A) Schedule 1 B) Additive C) Restorative D) Narcotic

B) Additive

30. Marijuana, despite conflicting research evidence, is a __________ drug, which means it has a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.

A) gateway B) cultural C) Schedule 1 D) psychoactive

C) Schedule 1