skeletal system

cranial/rostral

towards head

caudal

towards tail

dorsal

towards spine

towards belly

ventral

cranial (in terms of limbs)

front of limb above carpus and tarsus

caudal (in terms of limbs)

back of limb above carpus and tarsus

proximal

moving towards spinedis

distal

moving away from spine

dorsal

front of limb below carpus and tarsus

palmar

back of limb below carpus (think palm)

plantar

back of limb below tarsus (think planting feet)

sagittal (plane)

divides dog into left and right portions

median (plane)

middle sagittal plane; medial (inner) vs lateral (outer)

transverse (plane)

divides body into cranial and caudal portions

dorsal (plane)

divides dog into ventral and dorsal portions

transverse axes of rotation

sagittal plane motion that occurs around an axis of rotation that is directed mediolaterally

ventrodorsal axes of rotation

dorsal plane motion that occurs around an axis of rotation that is directed ventrodorsally

craniocaudal axes of rotation

transverse plane motion that occurs around an axis of rotation that is directed craniocaudally

varus

abnormal turn in a limb towards midline

valgus

abnormal turn in a limb away from midline

superficial

close to surface of body

deep

far away from surface of body

flexion

movement of bones so that angle of joint between them is decreased, results in a folding or shortening of limb

extension

bones move so that angle of joint between them is increased and limb is stretched out or lengthened; extension beyond 180 is over extension

abduction

movement of a part away from median plane or axis

adduction

movement toward median plane or axis

circumduction

movement of a part when outlining surface of a cone

rotation

movement of a part around its long axis, very limited in domestic animals

pronation

rotation of forearm and carpus so that palmar surface turned downward

supination

rotation of forearm and carpus so that palmar surface turned upward

protraction

to advance a limb forward as in walking

retraction

to move a limb backward as in walking

axial

located or directed towards an axis

abaxial

located or directed away from an axis

perissodactyle

animal with an odd number of toes

artiodactyle

animal with even number of toes

axis consists of

skull, ribcage, vertebral

appendicular consists of

everything else

There are 2 parts to the intervertebral discs. The (2 words) ______ is the tougher outer layer that acts like a ligament to hold the IVD in place. The (2 words) ______ consists of a gel-like substance that helps provide cushioning between the vertebrae.

manubrium

xiphoid process

What is the main metacarpal bone found in the cannon bone in horses?

metacarpal III

In what way is the bovine tibia/fibula unique compared to the other species?

Only the head of the fibula is present and it is fused to the tibia

Which of these are major differences between canine's and horse's/cow's axial skeleton?

Horses and cows have horizontal transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Horses have a split (bifid) spinous process on their axis

Horses have 18 ribs

What is a unique anatomical feature you can find on the equine femoral head?

fovea capitis

In what location does the femoral head have contact with the pelvis?

Acetabulum

The atlas, the 2nd cervical vertebrae, has a tall spinous process while the axis, the 1st cervical vertebrae, has long transverse processes. They connect together via the dens.

false

Which species has a caudal and cranial greater trochanter on the femur?

equine

Which bones in the equine tarsus are fused?

1st and 2nd tarsals

In dogs and cats, what does the fusion of the spinous processes in the sacrum make up?

Median sacral crest

How many ribs are not attached to the sternum in cows?

5

There are 2 specialized sternebrae in the sternum. The (1 word) ______ is at the cranial end and is a major attachment point for several muscles. The (2 words) ______ is at the caudal end and is an attachment point for the diaphragm. The cartilage on this sternebrae disappears over time.

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

In the dog, which carpal bone(s) found on the palmar aspect (bones specifically on the same side as bottom of foot) of the carpus?

accessory carpal

1st carpal

In what section of the vertebral column do all the species we have discussed have the same number of vertebrae?

cervical

Blue circle

palmar

Red arrow

caudal

Green arrow

rostral

Blue line

dorsal

Green circle

dorsal

Purple line

ventral

Brown arrow

distal

Orange arrow

cranial

Pink arrow

proximal

Red circle

plantar