Clinical Chemistry 2 - Laboratory - 7 - Chloride - Complete

Chloride

Major extracellular anion

Chloride

Ion that promotes maintenance of water balance and osmotic pressure in conjunction with sodium

Chloride

Ion that has a close relationship with bicarbonate in the maintenance of acid-base balance

Amylase

Chloride is an anion that serves as an enzyme activator for what enzyme?

Chloride

Ion involved in maintaining osmolality, blood volume and electric neutrality

Reabsorption of sodium, Chloride shift mechanism

2 ways Chloride maintains electric neutrality

Cation

Sodium is a cation or anion?

Chloride

The reabsorption of Sodium depends on the amount of this anion in the blood

Chloride shift mechanism

Bicarbonate moves out the red blood cell, Cl- goes inside. What mechanism of Chloride does this refer to?

Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales, Amperometric-Coulometric titration, Colorimetric methods, Ion-selective electrodes

Methods for Chloride determination

Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Identify chloride determination method

Mercuric nitrate

Reagent used in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Tungstic acid protein-free filtrate

What is being titrated by mercuric nitrate in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales?

Diphenylcarbazone

Indicator used in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Mercuric nitrate

Source of Mercuric ion in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales that binds to calcium to form an insoluble mercuric chloride

Chloride

In Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales, these excess ions, from the formation of an insoluble mercuric chloride, bind to the indicator

Mercuric diphenylcarbazone

Chemical name of complex formed in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Blue-violet complex

Color of complex formed in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Diphenylcarbazone

Component of Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales that indicates that all chloride ions have bound to mercuric ions. The excess chloride ions bind to this indicator.

590 nm

Wavelength used in Mercuric titration of Schales and Schales

Amperometric-Coulometric titration

Principle used by the digital (Cotlove) chloridometer in Chloride analysis

Coulometric circuit, Amperometric indicator circuit

Circuits in Amperometric- Coulometric titration (2)

Coulometric circuit

Circuit in Amperometric-Coulometric titration that generates silver ions using a silver electrode

Amperometric indicator circuit

Circuit in Amperometric-Coulometric titration that detects increase in the current

Insoluble silver chloride

The Coulometric circuit in Amperometric-Coulometric titration generates silver ions. When it generates silver ions, a timer also starts. The silver ions bind to the chloride ions in the sample, producing ___

Silver ions

Excess of these ions in the Amperometric-Coulometric titration causes an increase in the current of the solution

Amperometric indicator circuit

Circuit in Amperometric-Coulometric titration that detects the increase in the current as excess silver ions accumulate in the sample

Once there is an increase of the current due to the excess silver ions, this triggers the delay circuit to stop the timer or to stop the generation of the silver ions.

Directly proportional

Relationship of Chloride concentration to the time needed to generate enough Silver ions to react with Chloride ions

Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Colorimetric or Spectrophotometric method used for Chloride determination

Reddish complex

Identify method of Chloride determination

480 nm

Wavelength used in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Thiocyanate ions

Ions liberated (reacts with Cl-) in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Ferric ions

Ions that react with liberated Thiocyanate ions to produce reddish complex in the Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Mercuric thiocyanate

Reagent in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method that Chloride reacts with

Mercuric thiocyanate

Source of mercuric ions in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Insoluble mercuric chloride

Insoluble complex formed from the mercuric ions from Mercuric thiocyanate and chloride

Free thiocyanate ions

Ions in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method that react to ferric ions to produce red complex

Ferric thiocyanate

Complex formed in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Red

Color of complex formed in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Directly proportional

Relationship of chloride to thiocyanate ions in Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method

Ferric perchlorate colorimetric method

Colorimetric or Spectrophotometric method for Chloride determination that produces a colored complex (Not Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method)

480 nm

Wavelength used in Ferric perchlorate colorimetric method

Ion-selective electrodes

Most common method for Chloride analysis

Ion-selective electrodes

Membrane method made of silver chloride silver sulfide. The membrane allows only the analyte of interest to be measured (Chloride)

Potentiometry

Principle of Ion-selective electrodes

Serum

Preferred specimen for chloride determination

Lithium heparinized plasma, 24-hour urine sample, Sweat

Other acceptable specimen for chloride determination

Lithium heparin

Anticoagulant of choice in Chloride determination

480/492 nm

Chloride determination wavelength used

2000 uL

Chloride determination reagent volume

20 uL

Chloride determination sample volume

5 minutes

Chloride determination incubation duration

37°C

Chloride determination incubation temperature

1

mmol/L to mEq/L conversion factor in Chloride determination

Chloride (mmol/L) = Absorbance of sample / Absorbance of standard x Concentration of standard

Chloride determination formula

98-107 mmol/L

Chloride reference range