micro exam 2 metabolism

metabolism

the sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis

Anabolism

\-build up

\-smaller molecules

\-often requires energy

catabolism

\-break down

\-large to smaller

\-often releases energy

coenzymes that act as electrons carry

a hydrogen

ATP

\-powerhouse molecule, high energy host

\-ADP and ATP

ATP can be generated by

\-substrate-level

\-oxidative phosphorylation

substrate level

phosphate is transferred from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

oxidative phosphate

a series of redox reactions that occurs during electron transport

nutrient acquisition eukaryotic cells

\-macromolecules taken in by endocytosis

\-digested in the lysosome or phagolysosome

nutrient acquisition prokaryotic cells

\-no endocytosis not able to ingest large molecules

\-secrete digestive enzymes and take in smaller molecules by active transport

\-some are unable to produce hydrolyses and rely of prokaryotic

three main metabolic

aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, all three start with glycolysis

aerobes:

use aerobic respiration

anaerobes

use anaerobic respiration or fermentation

facultative anaerobes

\-use aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration or fermentation

monosaccharides

\-single sugars

disaccharides

\-2 monosaccharides

a bacterium may be unable to utilize a particular sugar because

1. it does not synthesize the appropriate
2. it does not possess the appropriate transport protein in its membrane

glycolysis

\-first pathway in metabolism

\-Location: cytoplasm of pro and eu

2 main types of glycolysis

\-Embden- EMP pathway

\-ED pathway

EMP pathway

\-classic glycolysis used by many bacteria and eukaryotic cells

\-this is the glycolysis pathway described in you book

\-conversion of 6C glucose into two molecules of 3-C pyruvate

\-generates ATP via substrate-level

\-generate NADH

\-spends some ATP

EMP 1st half

\-first part requires energy

\-6 carbon split into 2 three carbon sugars

EMP 2nd half

\-each carbon sugar is converted, through several steps to pyruvate,

\-ATP is provided by substrate level phosphorylation

\-2 NADHS produced

\-4 ATPS are produced

\-via substrate level

products glycolysis

\-2 atps used in the first half

\-4 atps produced in second half

\-2 NADHS produced in second half

\-two water molecules produced in second half

Net gain from EMP pathway

\-2 ATP

\-2 NADH that will go into the electron transport chain

\-2 h20

\-2 pyruvate-which continue into krebs or fermentation pathways

Products of ED Pathway

\-1 ATP first half

\-1 NADH produced in first half

\-1 water molecule produced in first half

\-2 atps produced in second half

\-1 NADH produced in second half

ED pathway net yield

\-1 atp

\-1 NADH-will go to electron transport chain

\-1 NADH

\-1 H2O

\-2 pyruvate

What all glycolytic pathways have

\-all start with a sugar, usually glucose

Krebs cycle

\-used in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

\-purpose is to oxidize pyruvate

\-electrons are transferred from NAD and FAD and add a H

\-location: cytoplasm of eukaryotes

products of krebs per spin:

\-4 NADH

\-1 FADH

\-1 ATP

\-3 co2, 1 h2o

products krebs per glucose

\-8 NADH

\-2 FADH

\-2 ATP

will go into the electron transport chain

Electron transport chain

purpose: to use the electrons carried by NADH and FADH to generate ATP

\-Location: cytoplasm in por, mictochondia for eukaryotes

\-used by aerobes and anaerobes

ATP yeild ETS per NADH

\-aerobic yields 3 atps

\-2 NADH from glycolysis

\-8 NADH from krebs

\-30 atp

ATP yield per 2 ATP FADH

\-2 fADH

\-4 ATPS

Oxidase Test

\-test for cytochrome c oxidase

\-turn purple

anaerobic respiration

\-used by anaerobes and some facultative anaerobes

\-anaerobic respiration is less efficient

Why do facultative aerobes preferentially respire aerobicall when oxygen is available?

\-Aerobic respiration is more efficient, producing far more ATP via oxidative phosphorylation than by anaerobic pathways

catalase test

\-decompose co2

\-will bubble