ENGLISH CULTURE AND INSTITUTIONS TEST 2

before 1846, Oregon Region…

was disputed between a lot of countries

Oregon Treaty (1846)

gave the USA the land south while the UK kept the land north

from 1859 and 1890 , the terriotry of oregon…

was divided between 5 states

The californian gold rush…

increased the population of the region by 30 times the old population (from 10,000 to 300,00)

those who arrived by land to california, followed…

The caifornia Trail or the Gila River Trail.

early gold diggers used the technique of…

panning,

gold companies later developed…

more advanced techniques to substract gold, getting 12 million ounces.

the gold digging caused…

many deaths becuase of lack of protocol, accidents and disease

california became a state in th year…

1850

In 1846 mormons…

started to colonize utah and did so for the next 20 years , running away from persecution in the state of illinois

Led by Brigham Young, as a self sufficient, polygamous society, they founded…

Salt Lake city

In 1849 they applied to join the US as…

The state of deseret (inclding utah, nevada azirona and parts of colorado and wyoming)

The state recognized after the momrons application…

was the Utah teritory, much smaller.

Utah was admitted to the US…

In 1896

The civil war was caused…

because of tensions between the north and the south on slavery, state rights, and economic differences

The north was…

a well established manufacturing and industry, and only small-scale farming.

The south…

was large scale farming dependent on black slave labour

in 1854, the kansas nebraska act dictated…

that every state could vote if they wanted to permit slave within their borders.

The republican party against slavery…

was founded by abolitionist who were against the kansas-nebraska act, and selected Abraham Lincoln as the president of the republican party-

The abolitionist cause was fuelled by…

a novel called Uncle Tom’s cabin by Beecher Stowe, who depicted the tough conditions slaves were going through. Although it was critisized, it was a solid 2nd best selling

as a response to uncle tom’s cabin…

20 novels and more were written as a response, as sort of a parody

The outbreak of the civil war was caused…

by the division of 7 southern states form the confederate after Abraham Lincon was proclaimed president in 1860n

Fort Sumter…

was bombarded in 1861, causing 4 more states to leave de confederation

the two sides on the war were…

the confederate side and the union side

The confederate side was composed of…

11 states, 9 million population, vast majority was black population ( slaves)

the union side…

had 23 states in total and a big manufacturing tradition

the confederate side failed to attract….

european’s attention even th the cotton import came from the north

the ain places where war took place were…

missisipi valley and the eastern seaboard

despite the eastern seaboard being a battlefield, the union…

who had a greater naval power failed to place a blockade until 1863

The turning point in the civil war was..

the battle of Gettysburg.

the civil war was finished when…

in 1865, the confederate army was forced to surender in Virginia

the aftermath was…

that the southern sates rejoinedthe USA and with the 13th 14th and 15th amendmens, Arbaham lincoln gave black slaves freedom.

despite the amendment…

differences between the north an south arose, as racism was very much present until the present days

during the 19th century, the USA..

was transformed from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing power

economic power came from…

an iron and steel industry, with electrical power and inventions such as the telephone

the unrestricted immigration from europe..-

was a key factor to keep the economy cheap and well staffed

many immigrants…

created ethnic groups due to their imigration

the invention that revolutionized the textile industry was…

cotton gins, created n 1789 by Eli withney, precceding the creation of cotton mills

low taxes….

rose up the living standards in the 1920s.

The first economical steamboat model was….

Fulton’s paddle steamer.

the first fully public project was,,,

The Erie Canal

FTER THE POTATO CRISIS IN 1840…

irish immigrants arrived massively.

most work opportunities were based on

factories, mills, domestic service, etc.

immigrants…

were seen as a political threat

the american party was known as….

the know nothing party

Andrrew Carnegie….

was known for his creat innovations

the wall street crash in 1929 was caused by…

overprotection of tariff barriers, overproduction on factories and farms, and speculative mania that caused people to stop buying. n

the mood of ultra-patriotism after WWI…

could be seen through the Tough Sedition Acts

Tough sedition Acts

determined no one could speak il of the confederate, the flag, or the country.

the political radical ideals…

targeted germany, as the language was removed from schools and german music was completely forbidden.

the immigrant led industrial strieks of 1919….

were broken of by the Loyal Legion

The anti immigration laws of 1921…

Had a clear racist intent

the evangelical protestants….

were agaiinst drinking and got the government to ban import of liquors form 1919 to 1933

The ku klux Klan….

targeted all sorts of minorities and supported bible reading in schools

The jazz age is considered….

as a relief from the prohibitions of those conservative times

actos that stod out in the 20s were…

Clara Bow and Louise Brooks as ‘flappers’, the first it girls, and Rudolph Valentino, a sex symbol, charles chaplin as an icon in the silent film era

the movies…

were a big source of values and fashion.

sports in television…

brought many specators and it became a major leisure option

the proibition of liquors…

caused gansters to produce them underground: al capone used them illicitly and caused many deaths

the saloons then trasformed….

to jazz clubs. Liquor was bought secretly

Lous Amstrong joined…

a trend of immigration of black people from the rural south to the north

the warnings about the over heating of the market…

made by a few individules, were deemed as non important

due to the econmic crash…

unemployment rose uo to 22% and the family income was 40% lower

20% of banks…

had to close since people could not pay them, and people also lost their houses.

In 1932, the landslide victory was for….

Franklin D Roosevelt, a democrat who set the fault in the depression on capitalist economy.

The New Deal Programs….

aimed to stabilize economy, create demand and help the population get out of crisis.

the banks were closed for 3 days…

to reestructure the financial system

In order to create demand in society…

citizens were given the opportunity to work on bublic projects and he also offered financial aid to those who needed it.

In 1930, the neutrality acts…

prevented the US from colaborating with in war countries, such as giving weapons.

FDR agreed with neutrality because….

He thought it was not US responsability to confront germany, but rather france and the uk.

Despite proclaiming neutraloty, FDR

Allowed trading with the countries at war. aid was provided to britain-

The Lend lease Act…

allowed the USA to send over army equipment to the allies.

Usa entered the war…

due to the japanese attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor.

The Pearl Harbor attack was answered by…

the USA declaring war on japan, meaning germany and italy declared against US

120,000 americans of japanese descent…

were sent to concentration camps

the US defeating the japanese at Midway…

was a turning point for the allies that reconquered the lost pacific territories.

The war ended with…

the bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki from the US because they refused to surrender, unlike germany did in 1945

by the end of the world war…

britain was bankrupt and had to face reconstruction

reconstruction of britain was challenged by

lost a big part of the merchant fleet couldnt pay overseas expediture, bublic buildings were bombed and had to be reconstructed

there was a consensus n follwing two strategic points:

the keynesian principle and the need for social reform

The keynesian princpile of state intervetion in the economy…

was set to prevent unemplymentm rationalise production and ensure peace and prosperity

the need for social reform

was to erradicate extreme inequalities and provide people with equal opportunities,

in 1945, the labour party…

gained a landslide victory in the elections, positioning Clement’s attlee as president of the US

despite the election result being a surprise to many, the conservatives…

had failed to conduct the country to reconstruction and face gemran expansionism

The Labour party was seen as

the party of the ordinary people

the conservatives were considered…

a representation of wealth, nostalgia, and priviledge

the program of the labour party was….

NPPC : NAtionalisation, creation of the welfare state and policy of full employment, provision of equal opportunities in education

Nationalisation of major industries and transport:

consisted on taking 20% of Britain’s economy into public ownership

Creation of the welfare state

it was set to cover health, unemployment, pension, social housingm materiti leave and other basic needs like death grant

the policy of full employment…

was the creation of new jobs in nationalised companies and rose up the public sector employment by 3%

equal opportunities in education were provided…

raising the shcool age to 15 and creating the 11-plus examinations

the 11-plus examination….

consisted of grammar schools, secondary modern schools and secondary technical schools,

the cost of reform….

was substracted through a loan from the USA that was not paid off until 2006

Britain was forced to drop its system of imperial preference and accept multilateral trade policies by…

Joining the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

A period of austerity and shortages…

conntinued the rationing happening until 1950

Under three consecutive governments, british economy could see…

a period of economic growth and prosperity,

wages were dramatically increased by….

the developing of mass consumer society. people could afford cars, refrigertors, television…. those were not luxry items anymore

despite the incipient changes of society in 1950s britain….

conventionality and tradition were still strong.

The british nationality act in 1948…

caused mass immigration to the UK as immigrants could be granted a british citizenship.

government representatives visited the caibbean and english subcontinent…

to convince people to get jobs in britain