MCN D1 CA

External Genitalia

The reproductive organs located outside the body.

Mons Pubis

Pad of adipose tissue over the pubic bone joint, protecting it from trauma.

Clitoris

Small organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora, center of sexual arousal and orgasm.

Labia Minora

Two hairless folds of connective tissue, thin before menarche and firm during childbearing age.

Labia Majora

Composed of loose connective tissue, covering the external genitalia and shielding the outlets to the urethra and vagina.

Bartholin Glands

Glands that secrete natural lubricant during coitus, can be a common site of infection.

Fourchette

Area between the vaginal orifice and anus, where perineal tear or episiotomy occurs.

Internal Genitalia

Reproductive organs located inside the body.

Vagina

Organ for copulation, approximately 8-10 cm in length.

Uterus

Ante-flexed organ, with layers including the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.

Fallopian Tubes

Muscular tubes that propel the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production.

Episiotomy

Surgical incision made in the perineum during late stage of labor to aid in delivery and prevent vaginal laceration.

Stages of Perineal Tears

Classification of tears based on the extent of damage to vaginal mucosa, perineal skin, muscles, and anal sphincter.

Stages of Sexual Response

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Stages of Early Human Development

Fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, and embryo.

Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal changes and physiological events that occur in the female reproductive system over a 28-day cycle.

Prenatal Visit

Regular check-ups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and fetus.

Amnion and Chorion

Membranes that surround and protect the developing fetus.

Fetal Growth and Development

Milestones and changes that occur during each month of pregnancy.

Length of Pregnancy

Different units of measurement for the duration of pregnancy.

True Pelvis

The pelvic inlet, mid pelvis, and pelvic outlet through which the baby passes during childbirth.

False Pelvis

The pelvic inlet, mid pelvis, and pelvic outlet that supports the abdominal viscera and the entire pelvic girdle.

Anterior Posterior Diameter

The distance between the symphysis pubis and the sacral promontory, used in pelvic measurements.

True Conjugate

The shortest distance in pelvic measurements.

Obstetrical Conjugate

The narrowest distance in pelvic measurements, should be >10 cm for normal spontaneous delivery (NSD).

Diagonal Conjugate

A clinically measured pelvic diameter, obtained by subtracting 1.5 cm from the diagonal conjugate.

Initial Visit

The first prenatal visit, which includes profiling, chief complaint, baseline data, obstetric history, medical history, family history, and current problems.

GP (Gravida and Parity)

Gravida refers to the number of pregnancies, while parity refers to the number of deliveries carried to >20 weeks.

GTPAL

Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortion, Living - a system for recording obstetric history.

Naegle's Rule

A method for estimating the estimated due date (EDD) by counting back 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and adding 7 days.

McDonald's Rule

A method for determining the age of gestation (AOG) by measuring the fundal height in centimeters and using a formula to calculate weeks and months.

Bartholomew's Rule of Fours

A guideline for assessing fetal growth based on the level of the uterus in relation to anatomical landmarks at different weeks of gestation.

Haase's Rule

A method for estimating the length of the fetus in centimeters based on the number of months.

Nutrition in Pregnancy

Recommendations for daily intake of water, rice products, milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, calories, calcium, and iron during pregnancy.

Weight Gain

Guidelines for minimum and optimal weight gain during pregnancy, with trimester-specific recommendations.

Labor Contractions

Duration, frequency, and interval of contractions during labor.

Leopold's Maneuver

A technique used to determine fetal presentation and position by palpating the abdomen.

Endometriosis

A condition where the endometrium grows outside the uterus, causing pain, bleeding, and infertility.

Uterine Atrophy

Bleeding caused by retained placental fragments.

Poly vs

Polymenorrhea refers to a menstrual cycle shorter than 21 days, while oligomenorrhea refers to a cycle longer than 31 days.

Stages of Labor

The first stage (latent, active, transition), second stage, third stage, and fourth stage of labor, with descriptions and interventions for each stage.

Menstrual Cycle

The monthly cycle of changes in a woman's body that prepares for pregnancy.

Follicular Phase

The first phase of the menstrual cycle, characterized by the development of a follicle in the ovary.

Luteal Phase

The second phase of the menstrual cycle, characterized by the development of the corpus luteum in the ovary.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation.

Estrogen

A hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a key role in the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries.

Ovarian Cycle

The cycle of changes that occur in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle.

Developing Follicle

A follicle in the ovary that is growing and maturing.

Mature Follicle

A fully developed follicle in the ovary that is ready for ovulation.

Developing Corpus Luteum

The structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone.

Regressing Corpus Luteum

The structure in the ovary that regresses if pregnancy does not occur.

Oocyte

An immature egg cell.

Endometrial Layer

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle.

Menstruation

The shedding of the endometrial layer and the release of blood from the uterus.

Proliferative Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the growth and thickening of the endometrial layer.

Ovulation

The release of an egg from the ovary.

Secretory Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the secretion of nutrients and mucus by the endometrial glands.

Ischemic Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the constriction of blood vessels in the endometrial layer.

Types of Pelvis

Different shapes of the pelvis that can affect the mode of delivery.

Inlet

The upper opening of the pelvis.

Midpelvis

The middle part of the pelvis.

Outlet

The lower opening of the pelvis.

Fetal Station

The position of the baby's head in relation to the ischial spine.

Engagement

The descent of the baby's head into the pelvis.

Descent

The movement of the baby deeper into the pelvis.

Flexion

The bending of the baby's head towards the chest.

Internal Rotation

The rotation of the baby's head as it descends through the birth canal.

Extension

The straightening of the baby's head as it emerges from the birth canal.

External Rotation

The rotation of the baby's head back to its original position after delivery.

Expulsion

The delivery of the baby's head and shoulders.

Physiologic Changes

Changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy.

Blood Volume

The amount of blood in the body, which increases during pregnancy.

Blood Hypercoagulability

Increased tendency of blood to clot during pregnancy.

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute, which increases during pregnancy.

Thyroxine Levels

Levels of the hormone thyroxine, which increase during pregnancy.

Edema

Swelling due to fluid retention, which can occur in both the lower and upper extremities during pregnancy.

Shortness of Breath

Difficulty breathing due to the upward pressure of the growing uterus on the diaphragm.

Morning Sickness

Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, caused by hormonal imbalances.

Physiologic Discomforts

Common discomforts experienced during pregnancy.

Emesis Gravidarum

Severe nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Heartburn

A burning sensation in the chest or throat, common in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Ptyalism

Excessive salivation during pregnancy.

Constipation

Difficulty passing stools, common in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Frequent Urination

Increased frequency of urination, common in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Release of Relaxin

The hormone relaxin, which softens ligaments and can cause changes in gait.

Skin Changes

Changes in the skin, such as stretch marks and hyperpigmentation, that occur during pregnancy.

Breast Changes

Changes in the breasts, such as tenderness and the development of tubercles in the areola, during pregnancy.

Symptoms of Pregnancy

Signs and symptoms that indicate a woman may be pregnant.

Presumptive Signs

Subjective signs of pregnancy, such as amenorrhea and breast changes.

Probable Signs

Objective signs of pregnancy, such as positive pregnancy tests and changes in the cervix.

Positive Signs

Definitive signs of pregnancy, such as fetal heart tones and visualization of the fetus on ultrasound.

Fetal Positioning

The position of the baby in the uterus, which can affect the course of labor.

Breech Birth Positions

Different positions of the baby's body in a breech presentation.

True Labor

Contractions that indicate the onset of labor and lead to cervical dilation and effacement.

False Labor

Contractions that are not regular and do not result in cervical dilation or effacement.

Arterial occlusion

A condition characterized by reduced blood flow through the arteries, often resulting in reddened hands and burning and numbness during times of stress and exposure to cold.

Buerger's disease

A type of vasculitis that primarily affects men and is characterized by inflammation and clotting in the blood vessels, often leading to reddened hands and burning and numbness.