Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, concepts, and named entities from Chapter 6 on the reactions of alkenes and alkynes.

Green Chemistry

The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the formation and use of harmful substances.

Sustainability

Meeting present needs without damaging the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Alkene

An organic compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond consisting of one $\sigma$ bond and one $\pi$ bond.

Electrophilic Addition Reaction

A reaction in which an electrophile adds first to a multiple bond, followed by the addition of a nucleophile.

Carbocation

A species containing a positively charged carbon atom that has three bonds, an empty p orbital, $sp^2$ hybridization, and trigonal planar geometry.

Hyperconjugation

The delocalization of electrons from a nearby $\sigma$ bond into an empty p orbital, which stabilizes carbocations.

Regioselective Reaction

A reaction in which two or more constitutional isomers could form, but one forms preferentially.

Carbocation Rearrangement

A structural change in a carbocation where atoms or groups shift to form a more stable carbocation.

1,2-Hydride Shift

A carbocation rearrangement where a hydrogen atom moves together with its pair of bonding electrons from one carbon to an adjacent positively charged carbon.

1,2-Methyl Shift

A carbocation rearrangement where a methyl group moves with its bonding electrons to an adjacent positively charged carbon.

Hydration

The addition of water ($H$ and $OH$) across a multiple bond.

Acid-Catalyzed Reaction

A reaction requiring an acid to increase the reaction rate without consuming the acid overall.

Racemic Mixture

A reaction mixture containing equal amounts of two enantiomers.

Active Site

The part of an enzyme with a specific three-dimensional shape where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond consisting of one $\sigma$ bond and two $\pi$ bonds.

Terminal Alkyne

An alkyne that has the triple bond located at the end of the carbon chain.

Internal Alkyne

An alkyne that has the triple bond located inside the carbon chain.

Geminal Dihalide

A compound containing two halogen atoms attached to the exact same carbon atom.

Enol

A compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond with an $OH$ group attached directly to one of the double-bond carbons.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Ketone

A compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon groups attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Keto-Enol Tautomers

Constitutional isomers that differ in the position of a hydrogen atom and a double bond.

Tautomerization

The interconversion process between tautomers, such as an enol rearranging into a ketone.

Lindlar Catalyst

A partially deactivated palladium catalyst prepared on calcium carbonate and treated with lead(II) acetate and quinoline, used to reduce alkynes selectively to cis alkenes.

Capillin

A naturally occurring alkyne that exhibits fungicidal activity.

Ichthyothereol

A natural alkyne convulsant used in poisoned arrowheads.

Enediynes

Natural alkyne-containing compounds possessing anticancer activity due to their ability to cleave DNA.

Fumarase

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of water to fumarate to yield exclusively the $S$ enantiomer of malate.

D-Amino Acid Oxidase

An enzyme that selectively catalyzes the oxidation of the $R$ enantiomer of an amino acid while leaving the $S$ enantiomer unchanged.

Monoamine Oxidase

An enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the brain, which is inhibited by alkyne-containing drugs such as selegiline and rasagiline.

Syn Addition

An addition stereochemistry where both added atoms or groups attach to the same side of a double or triple bond.