MCN exam 1 dev theories

erikson’s infant

psychosocial trust vs mistrust

learn to trust caregiver to meet their needs

erikson’s toddler

psychosocial. autonomy vs shame and doubt

develop autonomy and independence

erikson’s preschooler

psychosocial. initiative vs guilt

obtain control thru directing play and social interactions

erikson’s school-age

psychosocial. industry vs inferiority

pride in accomplishments and abilities

erikson’s adolescents

psychosocial. identity vs role confusion

explore personal identity and sense of self

freud’s infant

oral.

sucking, biting, licking

freud’s toddler

anal

control of anal sphincter

freud’s preschool

phallic

focus on genitals and sex differences. masturbation

freud’s school-age

latency

focus on peer and social relationships and gender roles

freud’s adolescent

genital

sexual desire and urges. dating

kohlberg’s infant

moral, preconventional. premoral

naive. egocentric. no morals.

do what they like and avoid what they dislike. rights and wrongs determined from physical consequences

kohlberg’s toddler

moral, preconventional

naive. egocentric.

do what they like and avoid what they dislike. rights and wrongs determined from physical consequences. conform to get rewards

kohlberg’s preschool

moral, preconventional

punishment-obedience. determines good and bad via punishment. feels remorse when bad

kohlberg’s school-age

moral, conventional

6-10: rule-following. knows right vs wrong. knows impact on others. has empathy

11-12: expects rules to be followed. judges actions on intent too.

kohlberg’s adolescent

moral, post-conventional

separates values and moral codes. societal and prosocial awareness. understands the concept of achieving the greatest good for the greatest # of people. evaluates others’ morals

piaget’s infant

cognitive. sensorimotor

egocentric. object permanence at 9 months. cause and effect

piaget’s toddler

cognitive. sensorimotor + preoperational

sensorimotor: explore environment, trial and error, imitation, delayed gratification, make-believe

preoperational: egocentric, animism, magical thinking, symbolic thought, immature logic

piaget’s preschool

cognitive. preoperational

magical thinking, animism, centration (can’t see big picture), transductive reasoning (connecting two unrelated things)

piaget’s school-age

cognitive. concrete operational

can manipulate objects, flexible thought. attention span. problem-solving. reversibility. conservation (objects have consistent properties), metalinguistic awareness (language has nuance)

piaget’s adolescent

cognitive. formal operational

13-14: egocentric. limited abstract thinking

15-17: idealistic. introspective. self-centered. feels omnipotent and invincible. risk-taking

18-19: abstract thinking and critical thinking. plans future and goals.