The Age of Napolean, chapter 19

How did Napoleon first gain recognition in the French military?

He played a key role in recovering Toulon from the British in 1793.

What event helped Napoleon rise to power in 1799?

The Coup of 18 Brumaire, which overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate.

What was the Constitution of the Year VIII?

A new French constitution that appeared democratic but concentrated power in Napoleon’s hands as First Consul.

How did Napoleon gain public approval for his leadership?

He presented his constitution for a vote, which was overwhelmingly approved.

How did Napoleon suppress opposition within France?

He used secret police, censorship, and centralization of power.

Why did Napoleon invade Egypt in 1798?

• To disrupt British trade routes to India.

What was the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)?

A peace agreement between France and Austria that gave France control over much of Italy.

Q: What battle marked Napoleon’s greatest victory?

The Battle of Austerlitz (1805), where he defeated Austria and Russia.

What was the significance of the Battle of Trafalgar (1805)?

It secured British naval dominance and ended Napoleon’s hopes of invading Britain.

What was the Treaty of Tilsit (1807)?

A peace agreement between Napoleon and Russia, making Russia a French ally.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A legal system that abolished feudal privileges, protected property, and reinforced patriarchal authority.

How did Napoleon handle religion in France?

He signed the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope, recognizing Catholicism but maintaining state control over the Church.

How did Napoleon reform the military in Prussia?

He abolished serf-based conscription and introduced a merit-based officer system.

How did Napoleon consolidate power in 1802?

A plebiscite confirmed him as First Consul for life.

How did Napoleon become Emperor?

He crowned himself Emperor in 1804 to show that his authority did not come from the Pope.

Why did Napoleon’s invasion of Russia fail?

The Russian army used a scorched-earth strategy, and harsh winter conditions devastated his forces.

What was the significance of the Battle of Leipzig (1813)?

Napoleon was defeated by the coalition forces, leading to his first abdication.

Where was Napoleon first exiled?

The island of Elba in 1814.

What was the Hundred Days?

Napoleon’s brief return to power in 1815 before his final defeat at Waterloo.

Where was Napoleon exiled after Waterloo?

Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.

What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

To restore European stability and prevent future French aggression.

How did the Napoleonic Wars influence German nationalism?

Napoleon’s conquests unified German resistance, leading to the push for a national identity.

What was the Quadruple Alliance?

A coalition of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to maintain peace in Europe.

How was France punished after Napoleon’s defeat?

It had to pay war indemnities and accept an army of occupation.

What was the Holy Alliance?

A conservative pact between Russia, Austria, and Prussia to uphold Christian values in governance.

How did the Congress of Vienna affect Germany?

It maintained a loose confederation of German states under Austrian dominance.

What did Romantic thinkers value most?

Imagination, emotion, and a connection with nature.

What was Romanticism a reaction against?

The Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and the Industrial Revolution’s social changes.

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau influence Romanticism?

His work emphasized natural education and individual freedom.

How did Immanuel Kant challenge Enlightenment thought?

He argued that human perception actively shapes experience and that morality goes beyond reason.