Ch 9.4A -- Cardiac Output and Its Control -- VTPP 435

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Ch 9.4A -- Cardiac Output and Its Control -- VTPP 435

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20 Terms

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Cardiac Output (CO)

-volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
-HR x SV

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Stroke Volume (SV)

volume of blood pumped out of each ventricles with each contraction or beat of heart

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Cardiac Reserve

difference between CO at rest & max volume of blood heart can pump per minute

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Vagus Nerve

-parasympathetic nerve to heart
-decreases heart rate
-innervates SA and AV nodes but not ventricles
-stimulates by releasing ACh to muscarinic receptors

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Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves

-increase heart rate
-supply atria, SA, AV, and ventricles
-NE binds with beta 1 receptors

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Parasympathetic on SA Node

-decreases HR
-ACh increases K+ permeability in pacemaker cells

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Parasympathetic on AV Node

-decreases AV node excitability to prolong AV nodal delay
-increases K+ permeability

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Parasympathetic on Atrial Muscle

decreases contractility to weaken strength of contraction

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Sympathetic on SA Node

-speeds up depolarization by increasing Na+ and Ca2+
-increases HR

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Sympathetic on AV Node

reduces AV nodal delay by increasing conduction velocity by increasing T-Type channel

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Sympathetic on Ventricular Conduction Pathway

-increases excitability
-hastens conduction thru Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers

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Sympathetic on Atrial Mucle & Ventricular Muscle

-strengthens contractions

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Cardiovascular Control Center

integrating Center in Medulla of Brain Stem that controls mean arterial blood pressure

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2 types of Control influence SV

1) Intrinsic Control -- extent of venous return
2) Extrinsic Control -- extent of sympathetic stimulation to heart

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Venous Return

volume of blood to each atrium per minute form veins

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Frank-Startling Law of the Heart

intrinsic control of heart such that increased venous return results in increased EDV leads to increased strength of contraction & increased SV

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Preload

extent of filling of heart from venous return

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Ejection Fraction

ratio of SV to EDV (SV/EDV)

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Strength of Cardiac Muscle Contraction & SV can be graded by:

1) Varying initial length of muscle fibers
2) Varying extent of Sympathetic Stimulation

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Afterload

-arterial blood pressure
-workload imposed on heart after contraction has begun