Cardiovascular System and Blood

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of artery wall

arrhythmia

abnormality of heart’s normal rhythm

fibrillation

fast uncoordinated contractions of atria or ventricles, causes cardiac arrhythmia

coronary artery disease (CAD)

condition reducing blood flow through coronary arteries to myocardium

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood to heart muscle

myocardial infarction (MI)

death of portion of heart muscle b/c of insufficient blood supply

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

disease of arm and leg arteries causing narrowing or complete obstruction of artery

cor pulmonale

enlargement of heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

angina pectoris

chest pain radiating to left arm and jaw, happens when there’s insufficient blood supply to heart muscle

intermittent claudication

pain, tension, weakness in a limb starting when walking, increases until unable to walk, gets better with rest. due to reversible ischemia

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of thrombus in deep vein, clot can break and travel to lungs causing a pulmonary embolism

varicose veins

distended veins found usually in lower extremities

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of mitral valve from rheumatic fever scarring

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of heart caused by fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of heart brought by consistent hypertension

rheumatic heart disease

heart muscle or valve damage caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

artificial cardiac pacemaker

battery powered apparatus implanted under skin with leads placed on heart chambers to treat abnormal heart rhythm

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

implanted device continuously monitoring heart rhythm, delivers shocks to correct arrhythmia

catheter ablation

abnormal cells triggered by abnormal heart rhythms destroyed by heating/cooling cell device

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

balloon in coronary artery to area with plaque

coronary stent

device placed in coronary artery to prevent closure during surgery

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

surgical technique used to bring new blood supply to heart muscle by making detours around blocked arteries

femoropopliteal bypass

surgery to establish alternate route to femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass obstructions

thrombolytic therapy

injection of medicine IV or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots

doppler ultrasound

study using sound for detection of blood flow within vessels

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

radiographic imaging of blood vessels, only focuses on necessary structures

sestamibi test

radiographic isotope taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction, diagnoses coronary artery disease

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

nuclear medicine test generating 3C photos showing function of organs to assess damage to cardiac tissue

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

ultrasound probe placed in esophagus examining cardiac function and structure

cardiac catherization

exam determining heart and blood vessel condition to treat CAD

exercise stress test

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress

blood pressure (BP)

pressure exerted by blood against vessel walls

pulse

rhythmic contraction of heart felt by a fingertip

sphygmomanometer

device used for measuring blood pressure

C-reactive protein (CRP)

measured in blood, elevation indicates inflammation in body

creatine phosphokinase

blood test measuring creatine phosphokinase, enzyme released to blood after muscle injury or necrosis

troponin

blood test measuring a heart muscle enzyme

lipid profile

blood test measuring amount of lipids to evaluate risks of developing cardiovascular disease by providing levels of cholesterol

the right side of the heart…

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated

the left side of the heart pumps…

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

functions of blood

1. transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide

2. protection against microorganisms

3. regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

heart chambers

left and right atrium and ventricles

heart valves

pulmonary, tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valve

heart blood vessels

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

layers of the heart

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

flow of oxygenated blood

pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta, body

flow of deoxygenated blood

superior/inferior vena cavae, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, both lungs

heart

muscular, cone-shaped, located behind breastbone between lungs, pumping circulates blood

atria

right and left upper chambers

ventricles

right and left lower chambers

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid and mitral valves

tricuspid valve

between right atrium and ventricle

mitral valve

between left atrium and ventricle

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves

pulmonary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

aortic valve

between left ventricle and aorta

pericardium

covers 3 layers of heart, 2-layer sac surrounding heart, secretes fluids that helps the heart beat

epicardium

covers the heart

myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of heart

endocardium

inner lining of heart

blood vessels

tube-like structures, carry blood throughout body