ES 112 – 02 Dr. Navarro Summer Institute 2025 Midterm Exam Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering Terminology/Concepts, Legal History, and Author’s Arguments from ES 112 lecture notes.

Racial Formation

The sociopolitical process by which races are created, inhabited, and made meaningful in political and economic life.

Racialization

The process by which social meanings are attached to racial categories; constructing race.

Ethnicity

Shared cultural, linguistic, or ancestral traits that may intersect with race.

Racial Etiquette

Informal norms dictating how people of different races should act and interact.

Psychological wage of whiteness

Nonmaterial reward—status, prestige, and privilege—conferred by whiteness.

Social Construction

The idea that race and other social categories are created and maintained by society, not biology.

Individual, organization, and structural discrimination

Discrimination at the personal level, within organizations, and within social structures.

Prejudice

A preconceived negative judgment about a person or group.

Rule of Hypodescent

Also known as the one-drop rule; mixed-race individuals are assigned to the subordinate racial group.

Racism

Belief in racial hierarchy and systems of advantage based on race.

Color-blind racism

Ideology that ignores race while reproducing racial inequality.

Creolization

Process of blending cultures and languages to form new, hybrid identities.

Jim Crow laws de jure, de facto

Laws and practices enforcing segregation by law (de jure) or by social custom (de facto).

Assimilation

Adoption of the dominant culture's norms by a minority group.

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits from another group while retaining some of one's own.

Settler colonialism

Colonialism where settlers aim to replace Indigenous populations.

Reparations

Restoration or compensation for harms caused by oppression and inequality.

Human rights, civil rights

Human rights are universal; civil rights protect equal treatment under law within a country.

Segregation, residential segregation

Geographic or social separation of racial groups, including housing.

jus soli / birthright citizenship

Citizenship by birth within a country.

Naturalization

Legal process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen.

Model Minority Myth

Stereotype that a minority group is more successful, used to downplay systemic racism.

Yellow Peril

Racist trope portraying East Asians as a threat.

1712 Act for the Better Ordering & Governing of Negroes and Slaves (South Carolina)

Early SC statute regulating enslaved people and slavery.

1790 Naturalization Act

Legislation restricting naturalization to white persons.

1830 Indian Removal Act

Authorized forced relocation of Native tribes (e.g., Trail of Tears).

1830 An Act Prohibiting the Teaching of Slaves to Read (NC)

Prohibited enslaved people from being taught to read.

1854 People v. Hall

California ruling that Chinese testimony against whites could be excluded; reinforced racial hierarchy.

1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford

Held that Black people could not be citizens and had no constitutional rights.

Origins of the American Indian Boarding Schools

Policy history of assimilating Native children through boarding schools.

Carlisle Indian School began in 1879

First federally funded boarding school beginning in 1879 to assimilate Native children.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13th: abolition of slavery; 14th: equal protection; 15th: voting rights regardless of race.

1875 Civil Rights Act

Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations and guaranteed equal rights.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

Barred entry of Chinese workers and limited Chinese immigration.

1884 Elk v. Wilkins

Ruled that certain Native Americans could not automatically gain U.S. citizenship.

1887 Dawes Act

Divided tribal lands into individual allotments, undermining tribal landholdings.

1890 Louisiana Separate Car Law

Authorized racial segregation on public transportation.

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

Established the 'separate but equal' doctrine for public facilities.

1898 US v. Wong Kim Ark

held that birth in the U.S. grants citizenship.

1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed/National Origins Act)

Restricted immigration by national origin, privileging Europeans.

1924 Indian Citizenship Act

Granted U.S. citizenship to Native Americans.

1931 Roberto Alvarez v. Lemon Grove

Challenged school segregation; Lemon Grove case supported integration.

1942 Japanese Incarceration and Executive Order No. 9066

Authorized internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

1947 Mendez v. Westminster

Challenged Mexican-American school segregation; a precursor to Brown v. Board.

1954 Brown v. Board

Ruled that separate is inherently unequal in public schools; desegregation ordered.

1942-64 Bracero Program

U.S. guest worker program bringing Mexican laborers to work in agriculture and industry.

1964 Civil Rights Act

Prohibited discrimination on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; desegregation efforts.

1965 Voting Rights Act

Outlawed discriminatory voting practices; expanded federal enforcement.

1965 Border Industrialization Program (BIP)

Program encouraging manufacturing along the U.S.–Mexico border and shaping immigrant labor.

1619 Project (on democracy)

Argues American democracy is rooted in slavery and Black history; 1619 as founding moment.

Michael Omi and Howard Winant (race as a social construct)

Developed racial formation theory; race is created and shaped by social forces.

Beverly Tatum (definition of racism and who can deploy racism)

Defines racism as a systemic advantage based on race; can be enacted by individuals and institutions.

Pem Buck (early white privilege laws)

Argues early laws created and reinforced white privilege and racial hierarchies.

Paula Rothenberg (laws as tools for racism)

Explains how laws encode and sustain racism and white supremacy.

Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (color-blind racism)

Describes color-blind racism as a contemporary form that maintains inequality.

Edouard Glissant on Creolization (geography and language)

Advocates creolization as hybridity across geographies and languages.

James Baldwin (Black English and language)

Argues Black English is a valid dialect and critiques linguistic prejudice.

Deborah Miranda (California Indian history and missions)

Examines Indigenous history in California and critique of mission-era narratives.

Boarding School Healing Project (collective reparations)

Advocates for collective reparations for boarding-school harms.

E. Michael Madrid (history of school desegregation)

Historical analysis of school desegregation and its ongoing challenges.

Doug Massey (Latinos and immigration)

Discusses Latino immigration patterns, policy, and social impacts.

Aviva Chomsky (deportability and undocumented status)

Explains how undocumented status is constructed and how deportability operates.

Juan Gonzalez (family separation)

Describes the policy and human impact of family separation.

Erika Lee (They Keep Coming myth)

Challenges the 'they keep coming' narrative and shows ongoing migration.

Ian Haney López (citizenship and race)

Argues citizenship is racialized within U.S. law and policy.

Yuri Kochiyama (Japanese incarceration)

Activist who highlighted Japanese American incarceration and civil rights issues.

Noy Thrupkaew (model minority myth)

Analyzes how the model minority myth is used to police and divide immigrant groups.