week 2 - nomenclature, atomic orbitals

1

meth

2

eth

3

prop

4

but

5

pent

6

hex

7

hept

8

oct

9

non

IUPAC strongness order

carboxylic acid

esters

amides

aldehydes

ketones

alcohols

thiols

amines

alkenes

alkanes

carboxylic acid suffix

oic acid

esters suffix

oate

amides suffix

amide

aldehydes suffix

al

ketones suffix

one

ketones prefix

oxo

alcohols suffix

ol

alcohols prefix

hydroxy

thiols suffix

thiol

thiols prefix

mercapto

amines prefix

amine

amines prefix

amino

alkenes suffix

ene

alkenes prefix

enyl

alkanes suffix

ane

alkanes prefix

yl

what kind of wave are electrons found in

standing waves

more nodes…

higher in energy

when does a phase change happen

every time it goes through a node

quanta mechanics

allows e-’s to share the same space as long as they have opposite spin

bond is always accompanied by a…

anti-bond

how does a bond break

put e-’s into the anti-bond orbital causing the corresponding bond to break

C-H subtraction/addition

C-C addition/subtraction

C-C pie subtraction/addition

homo

highest occupied molecular orbital

lumo

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

higher energy…

less stable

lower in energy if…

on same period as the molecule

O-H

usually higher because oxygen is more electronegative than H

C-C

lowest electron level because most stable

in a carbonyl what is the formal charge of carbon

positive

(oxygen - negative)

what does homo attack

the partial plus charge of the other molecule in the limo bond that’s being broken

rule in finding homo

1. nb

2. pie

^what to look for first

rule to finding lumo

1. pie star (especially c-o)

2. sigma star (especially o-h)

all atoms involved in resonance…

will be sp2 hybridized

atoms shape if sp2

2D

atoms shape if sp3

3D

4 bonds; sp3

tetrahedral

3 bonds; sp2

trigonal planar

bolded line

towards us

dashed line

away from us