[PHYSIO LEC MIDTERMS] TO3A - CNS AND PNS

Nervous System - CNS AND PNS (not double checked yet)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

What division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Brain; 1.4-1.5kg

What major structure of the central nervous system serves as one of its two main components alongside the spinal cord?; add the usual size in kg

Spinal cord

What elongated structure of the central nervous system extends from the foramen magnum toward the L1 vertebra?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What fluid fills the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord and is found within the ventricles and central canal?

Ventricles

What are the cavities of the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

Central canal

What is the cavity of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Gray matter

What CNS tissue contains mainly neuron cell bodies and dendrites and forms the cortex in the brain?

White matter

What CNS tissue consists mainly of axons and myelin sheaths?

Cortex

What outer region of the cerebrum is composed primarily of gray matter and contains many neuronal cell bodies?

Neural stem cells

What cells are associated with the production of new neurons through neurogenesis?

Neurogenesis

What process refers to the production of new neurons by neural stem cells?

Subventricular zone

What neurogenesis-associated region is located near the lateral ventricles?

Subgranular zone

What neurogenesis-associated region is associated with the hippocampus?

Cerebrum

What is the largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?

Cerebral hemispheres

What two major divisions of the cerebrum are connected by the corpus callosum?

Corpus callosum

What large structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows communication between them?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What recording detects brain activity produced by synaptic potentials in the cerebral cortex?

Cerebral lateralization

What term describes the specialization of certain functions between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Left hemisphere

Which cerebral hemisphere is associated in the lesson with language and analytical ability?

Right hemisphere

Which cerebral hemisphere is associated in the lesson with pattern recognition, musical composition, and singing?

Frontal lobe

Which cerebral lobe is associated with motor control, personality, higher intellectual processes, concentration, planning, and decision-making?

Parietal lobe

Which cerebral lobe is associated with somatesthetic sensation and the interpretation of sensory information?

Temporal lobe

Which cerebral lobe is associated with auditory sensation and memory?

Hippocampus

Neurogenesis part: main center for memory formation, and memory consolidation

ependymal cells

Neurogenesis part: what cells does the subventricular zone contains?

Occipital lobe

Which cerebral lobe is primarily associated with the integration and processing of visual information?

Insula

Which cerebral region is associated with memory, sensory integration, and visceral integration?

Precentral gyrus

Which cerebral gyrus in the frontal lobe is associated with motor control?

Upper motor neurons

What neurons are associated with the precentral gyrus and regulate skeletal muscle activity?

Postcentral gyrus

Which cerebral gyrus in the parietal lobe is associated with somatesthetic sensation?

Somatesthetic sensation

What type of sensation is associated with the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?

Limbic system

What group of forebrain nuclei surrounding the brainstem is associated with emotion, motivation, memory, feeding, fear, and sexual behavior?

Cingulate gyrus

Which structure is included among the major components of the limbic system and participates in the Papez circuit?

Amygdala

Which limbic structure is associated in the lesson with aggression, fear, and conditioning?

Hippocampus

Which limbic structure is associated with the Papez circuit and is also one of the structures associated with neurogenesis in the lesson?

Septal nuclei

Which group of nuclei is listed as a component of the limbic system?

Thalamus

Which diencephalic structure serves as a major relay center for sensory information?

Hypothalamus

Which diencephalic structure is the main control center for visceral activities, thirst, hunger, body temperature, and pituitary regulation?

Diencephalon

What brain division contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

Epithalamus

Which diencephalic region contains the choroid plexus and pineal gland?

hippocampus-fornix-maMMillary bodies-thalamus-cingulate gyrus-hippocampus

Enumerate the papez circuit (ans-ans)

Choroid plexus

What structure is responsible for CSF formation according to the lesson?

Pineal gland

What gland in the epithalamus secretes melatonin?

Melatonin

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Pituitary gland

What endocrine gland is regulated by the hypothalamus through neural fibers or hormones?

Posterior pituitary

Which part of the pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus through a fiber tract?

Anterior pituitary

Which part of the pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus through hormones?

Papez circuit

What pathway associated with emotion and memory follows the sequence hippocampus → fornix → mammillary bodies → anterior thalamic nuclei → cingulate gyrus → hippocampus?

Fornix

What fiber tract connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies in the Papez circuit?

Mammillary bodies

What hypothalamic structures receive fibers from the fornix in the Papez circuit?

Anterior nuclei of the thalamus

What thalamic nuclei receive information from the mammillary bodies in the Papez circuit?

Feeding center

What hypothalamic center is associated with feeding behavior?

Satiety center

What hypothalamic center is associated with the feeling of satiety?

Midbrain

What part of the brain contains the superior and inferior colliculi and contains dopaminergic neurons involved in motor control and emotional reward?

Superior colliculi

Which structures of the midbrain are associated with visual reflexes?

Inferior colliculi

Which structures of the midbrain are associated with auditory reflexes?

Dopaminergic neurons

What type of neurons in the midbrain project toward regions involved in motor control and emotional reward?

Corpus striatum

What structure receives dopaminergic neurons associated with motor control in the lesson?

Nucleus accumbens

What structure receives dopaminergic neurons associated with emotional reward?

Nigrostriatal pathway and Mesolimbic pathway

Midbrain nuclei: what are the 2 pathways which results in motor control and emotional reward respectively?

substantia nigra-corpus striatum-dopamine

Nigrostriatal pathway: creates ap from the ___ down to the ___ —> ____ (mainly control our muscles)

ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens-emotional

Mesolimbic pathway: ap starts from ____ down to ____ → _____ reward

Hindbrain

What major brain division includes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata?

Metencephalon

What hindbrain division contains the pons and cerebellum?

Pons

What structure of the metencephalon contains nuclei for four pairs of cranial nerves?

Cerebellum

What hindbrain structure is associated with skeletal and muscle control?

Myelencephalon

What hindbrain division contains the medulla oblongata?

Medulla oblongata

What brainstem structure regulates breathing and the cardiovascular system?

Brainstem

What brain region consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

Spinal tract; foramen magnum to l1 vertebra

What term refers to a bundle of nerve fibers within the spinal cord that carries information upward or downward? and the specific location

Funiculi

What term is used for the six columns of white matter in the spinal cord?

H

What shape does the gray matter of the spinal cord form in cross-section?

Ascending pathways

What spinal pathways carry sensory information upward to the brain?

Descending pathways

What spinal pathways carry motor commands downward from the brain?

Spinothalamic tract

What ascending pathway is named using spino- + target and carries sensory information toward the thalamus?

Corticospinal tract

What descending pathway is named using the brain region of origin + spinal and carries motor commands toward the spinal cord?

Cutaneous receptors

What sensory receptors provide information about touch, pain, and temperature from the skin?

Proprioceptors

What sensory receptors provide information about muscle and joint position?

Visceral receptors

What sensory receptors provide information from internal organs such as the heart, lungs, GI tract, and bladder?

Contralateral processing

What type of processing occurs when the left brain analyzes information from the right side of the body and vice versa?

Decussation

What term describes the crossing of nerve fibers across the midline of the CNS as they ascend?

Spinal cord decussation

Where can sensory fibers cross the midline when traveling through an ascending pathway, according to the lesson?

Medulla oblongata decussation

Where can ascending sensory fibers cross the midline in the brainstem?

Pyramidal tracts

What descending motor pathways are also called the corticospinal tracts and descend directly from the cortex toward the spinal cord?

Extrapyramidal tracts

What group of descending motor pathways is listed separately from the pyramidal or corticospinal tracts? they are other descending motor systems that contribute to posture, muscle, tone, autonomic movements, and coordination.

Primary motor cortex

What cortical region contains the cell bodies that primarily give rise to the corticospinal motor pathway?

Lateral corticospinal tract

Which corticospinal pathway contains approximately 80–90% of the fibers, crosses in the pyramids of the medulla, and then descends laterally?

Anterior corticospinal tract

Which corticospinal pathway contains approximately 10–20% of the fibers and crosses later near the target spinal cord level?

Pyramids of the medulla

Where do approximately 80–90% of corticospinal fibers decussate before descending in the lateral corticospinal tract?

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What division of the nervous system includes structures outside the brain and spinal cord, such as cranial nerves and spinal nerves?

Cranial nerves

What group of peripheral nerves consists of 12 pairs numbered I–XII from the front of the brain toward the back?

Spinal nerves

What group of peripheral nerves consists of 31 pairs that exit along the length of the spinal cord?

CN I

Which cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve and is associated with smell?

CN II

Which cranial nerve is the optic nerve and is associated with vision?

CN III

Which cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve and is associated with eye movement?

CN IV

Which cranial nerve is the trochlear nerve and is associated with eye movement?

CN V

Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve and is associated with facial sensation and chewing?

CN VI

Which cranial nerve is the abducens nerve and is associated with eye movement?

CN VII

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve and is associated with facial expression and taste?

CN VIII

Which cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve and is associated with hearing and balance?