L1+L2: History of Public Health Microbiology

Who was the “founder” of public health + what year

Charles-Edward Winslow - 1920

Who originally proposed the theory of epidemiological transition + what year

Abdul Omran (1971)

What do epidemiological transitions describe

Changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

Three phases of epidemiological transition (original wording from Abdul Omran)

1) The Age of Pestilence and Famine

2) The Age of Receding Pandemics

3) The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

The major transitions that should be addressed in modern public health (9)

Demographic

Democratic

Epidemiological

Urban

Energy

Economic

Nutrition

Bio-ecological

Cultural

5 Phases of the demographic transition model

Population pyramids are

A graphical illustration of pop distribution by age and sex

Population pyramids: 4 stages

Population pyramids stage 1 is called?

+ Description

Population pyramids stage 2 =

Description

Population pyramids stage 3=

Description

Population pyramids stage 4 =

Description

The first epidemiological transition

Occured

Characterised by

Development of agricultural societies

Approximately 10,000 years ago

-High fertility and mortality rates

-High infectious disease burdens and nutritional

diseases

Characterised by sedentism (practice of living in one place for a long time) and development of urban centres, domestication of animals and exploration and expansion of populations into new areas

Adverse disease consequences of first epidemiiologicasl transition

• Increase of parasitic diseases by contact with human waste

• Increased exposure to zoonotic diseases

• Introduction of novel diseases to groups that had little resistance to them

The second epidemiological transition

Shift from acute infectious diseases to chronic noninfectious, degenerative diseases

Increasing developments in technology, medicine, and science

Key characteristics:

Low fertility and mortality rates

High burden of degenerative diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc.)

Beneficial consequences of the second epidemiological transition

• Varied economy with enough agriculture to sustain large populations

• Improved nutrition (or over-consumption)

• Improved hygiene and sanitation

• Development of antimicrobials and vaccines

Many of the diseases of the second epidemiological transition share common etiological factors related to

human adaptation, including diet, activity level, mental stress, behavioral practices, and environmental pollution

Key characteristics of second epidemiological transition

Low fertility and mortality rates

High burden of degenerative diseases (cardiovascular

diseases, cancer, etc.)