MAT: Illumination and Lighting

natural light

daylight. Achieved using windows, skilights, light shelves etc. Can save energy

artificial light

light from electrical sources. man made can be turned on and off at a flick of a switch

general lighting

• background lighting. direct replacement for natural light.

• uniform level of illumination for a general level of visibility.

• evenly spaced without regard to furniture location

local lighting

lighting designed to provide a relatively high level of illumination over a small area with a surrounding area of lower intensity from spill light.

employs lamps at definite points where light is specially needed producing pools of light mingled with areas of shadows. location of lamps usually depends upon the position of furniture or the position of activity areas

task lighting

well position and well directed lighting that provides localized light in specific areas for specific tasks

accent lighting

reveals color, texture, and form by highlighting and painting specific objects around us. calls attention to a particular object

highlight

type of accent light. used to emphasize an object by illuminating with a strong light

backlight

type of accent light.illuminates something from behind in order to enhance depth or to separate the subject from its background

sidelight

type of accent light. light coming or produced form the side

soft light

type of accent light. diffused light that produces little contrast and poorly defined shadows on the subject

hard light

type of accent light. direct light that produces high contrast and distinct shadows on the subject

information lighting

also known as orientation or utility lighting. this provides visual information for our safety and comfort. information lighting is often based in areas of total blackness

indirect

90-100% light output directed towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room

semi indirect

60-90 of the light directed upwards; 40-10 downwards

direct indirect

equal distribution of light upwards and downwards

semi-direct

60-90% of light directed downwards; 40-10 is directed upwards

direct

90-100% of light directed downwards

general

light is distributed on all sides

cornice lighting

a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall

cove lighting

a system where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light upwards over the ceiling and upper wall. it is a form of indirect lighting

valance lighting

a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall usually across the top of a window. this provides light both upwards and downwards over the wall

lamp

defined as any various devices for producing light either by electricity or gas; the source of light in a fixture colloquially called a light bulb

incandescent lamp

an electric lamp in which a filament, encased in a bulb, is heated to incandescence by an electric current, through the lamp base, until it emits visible light.

filament

part of an incandescent lamp; the threadlike conductor of an electric lamp that is heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current

bulb

part of an incandescent lamp; the glass housing of a lamp

lamp base

part of an incandescent lamp; is that part of a bulb that connects to a lamp holder

A bulb

is the standard rounded shape for bulbs of general-service incandescent lamps

B bulb

flame shaped bulb for low wattage decorative incandescent lamps

C bulb

cone shaped bulb for low wattage decorative incandescent lamps

CA bulb

candle shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamps

R bulb

a reflector bulb of blown glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps, having an internal reflective coating and either a clear or frosted glass front to provide the desired beam spread

PAR bulb

is a parabolic aluminized reflector bulb cast glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps, having a precisely formed internal reflector and a lensed front to provide the desired beam spread

ER bulb

an ellipsoidal reflector bulb for incandescent lamps, having a precisely formed internal reflector that collects light and redirects it into a dispersed pattern at some distance in front of the light source

A/SB bulb

an an a bulb having a hemispherical reflective silver bowl opposite the lamp base to decrease glare

G bulb

a globe shaped bulb for incandescent lamps, having a low brightness for exposed use

PS bulb

is a pear shaped bulb for large incandescent lamps

S bulb

is a straight sided bulb for low wattage decorative incandescent lamps

Tungsten-halogen

also called quartz or quartz iodine lamps.

uses a halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid depreciation of the lamp filament and darkening of the transparent envelop.

can pose fire and burn hazards. also possible to get a sunburn from excess exposure

Floodlights

broad-beamed, high-intensity bulb, they are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields.

J type bulb

halogen; double ended and commonly used as security lighting. should not touch bare skin, natural oils of the human skin can reduce the life of the bulb

JC type bulb

halogen low voltage bulb; common use: under counter, desk lamp or accent light. capsule shape with 2 pins at the base

JCD type bulb

halogen low voltage bulb; common use: under counter, desk, accent or pendant light. similar with jc since both have pins, but has a higher voltage.

sizes : G6.35, G8 & G9

comes in frosted and clear glass

JDD type bulb

generally used in the food service industry and comes in standard base size, halogen filament that is enclosed in glass and surrounded again by glass

JDR tye

small reflector floodlights that are commonly used in range hoods or as tracklighting

clear/frosted + with or without glass cover

MR bulb

is a multifaceted reflector bulb for tungsten halogen lamps, having highly polished reflectors arranged in discrete segments to provide desired beam spread

Fluorescent lamp

comprises of a cylindrical glass tube sealed at both ends and containing a mixture of an inert gas, usually argon and mercury vapors or gaseous discharge. Requires a ballast to regulate the flow of power through the lamp.

fluorescence

the emission of radiation, especially of visible light, by a substance when exposed to external radiation

phosphor

any substance that exhibits luminescence; emit light when energized by radiation

slim-line

fluorescent lamp; does not require a starter, have single-pin bases, come in diameters 3/4", 1", 1 1/2"; comes in lengths 42", 98"

circline

fluorescent lamp; doughnut shaped for circular luminaires

U-bent

u shaped and used for square or rectangular luminaires

compact fluorescent

fluorescent lamp; any of the small and improved efficiency fluorescent lamps. it has a single, double or u shaped tube, and often comes with an adaptor for fitting into a lampholder

preheat

requires a started which preheatss the cathods so that less voltage is required. 2-5 second delay in the start of the lamp after it is switched on. Also called switch start or starter start lamp.

trigger start ballast

this ballast provides both a current limiting function and an appropriate automatic starting system. Eliminates a starter

instant start

when a lamp is first switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied between the electrodes to struct the arc without preheating them. start as soon as current is turned on and eliminates the need for external starters. they have single pin bases which are called slimline lamps

rapid start

use low resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low current loses. the only fluorescent lamps that can be electrically dimmed or flashed. they start as quickly as the instant start lamps. require no external starters, ballasts are smaller and more efficient

choke coil or ballast

all flourescent light sources, require control device or an auxiliary, called a _______ located in the metal base. serves to supply the high voltage necessary to start the arc and limiting the current in the arch after it is formed

automatic switch or starter

required for the operation of some fluorescent tubes in addition to the normal wall switch. it is self contained in a small tubular jacket which is inserted in the fixture body and is a replaceable part. It is closed when the lamp is turned off. when it is on the ____ opens a second or so after the current starts to flow and then stays open until the lamp is turned off again

compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

a type of lamp designed to fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp. have a longer rated life and uses less energy than incandescent lamps.

neon vapor lamps

it is a cold cathode lamp emitting a glow when a high voltage is applied across two electrodes in a neon filled glass tube. a cold cathode lamp is a discharge lamp having cathodes that emits electrons without having to be heated

High intensity discharge lamps

are members of the electric discharge family of light sources. light is produced when a high pressure electric arc is passed through a gas vapor, rather than by a low pressure arc as in fluorescent lamps. typically used when high levels of light over large areas are required, and when energy efficiency and/or light intensity are desired. this includes gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theaters, etc

mercury vapor lamps

contains mercury vapor in a clear quartz arc tube, which when electrically excited, produces visible light of characteristically blue green color. it is suitable only for limited industrial areas, general outdoor applications and street lighting

metal halide lamps

a modification of the mercury vapor with an arc of improved color. in addition to mercury, the arc tube contains metallic vapors such as indium iodide, thallium iodide, or sodium iodide. increased light output, improved color rendition without the use of phosphors, and small source size

high pressure sodium lamps

are the newest addition to the HID field. its arc tube is made of high density poly crystalline alumina an contains a mixture of primarily sodium

solid state lighting

a type of lighting that utilizes LEDs. light in this type of lamp is emitted from a solid object, which is a block of semiconductor, rather than from a vacuum or gas tube, as is the case in traditional incandescent and fluorescent lamps. creates visible light with reduced heat genertaion

Lumens (luminous flux)

units of light

footcandle

unit of density of light; the amount of lumens falling on an area one square foot one foot away

lux

unit of density of light; the amount of lumens falling on an area one square meter one meter away.

candlepower (CP)

unit of light intensity

footlambert

unit of brightness

luminaires

a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the housing designed to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect the lamps to the power supply. also called a lighting fixture

reflector

a surface for reflecting light heat, or esp. the device on a luminaire having such a surface for controlling the distribution of light emitted by a lamp

lens

a piece of transparent material as glass or plastic having two opposite surfaces either or both of which are curved used in luminaires to focus, disperse, or collimate the emitted light

diffuser

any of a variety of translucent materials for filtering glare of a light source and distributing the light over an extended area

louver

is a finned or vaned device for controlling the radiation from a light source

suspended ceiling lights

chandeliers, droplights, pendants are.....

chandelier

a decorative lighting usually having branched supports for a number of lamps

droplight

a lighting fixture suspended by a flexible cord by which it can be raised or lowered

pendant

like a droplight, but is fixed and is suspended by a cord, wire, or chains

wall lights

a wall mounted light fixture

sconce

a decorative wall bracket for candles or other lights

wall washers

used to bathe a wall in an even stream of light usually ceiling mounted, recessed into the ceiling or mounted on a lighting track. directional using a reflector or a baffle to distribute light at a certain angle

downlights

provides directional light in a downward stream. a downlight is normally recessed or semirecessed into the ceiling, and when fully recessed is one of the most visually inconspicuous and attractive luminaires

uplights

the type of fixture sends light upward.

spotlights

ceiling, wall or floor mounted, or attached to a track, this is a flexible, adjustable luminaire that directs light a controlled beam. most effective tool for accent lighting. the track is a useful accessory for creative design

floor lamps

light fixtures that are freestanding. lighting distribution depends on the shade used

table lamps

a variety of decorative lights which give a soft glow.can be used as bedside reading lights as well as for stylistic effect in the living room

desk lamps

essential to provide task lighting. gives concentrational light to a specific area. you can direct the light exactly where u want

strip lighting

is a rigid flexible tape with exposed low voltage light sources. generally a fluorescent fixture but some type can be tungsten or neon. basically used under overhead counters, and inside abinets or closets but is now used as decorative lighting in the interiors

visual oddities

usually designed for visual impact rather than the way they distribute light, they provide aesthetic stimulation and amusement

quantity of light

number of light fixtures required for a certain area

quality of light

refers to the distribution of brightness in the lighting installation. deals with the essential nature and characteristic of light

watt method

for incandescent lighting the general rule applied is 2-3watts per square foot or 24-27 watts per square meter. fluorescent lighting or energy saving lamps, divide the total by 5

argand lamp

lamp invented by a swiss named argand in 1783. had a rock wick with provision for the introduction of air inside the wick as well as around the outside

astral lamp

oil lamp with swinging tubular arms, generally furnished with an argand burner. used in the early 19th c

adaptation

the process by which the eye adjusts to a change in light level

ambient light

general light, often indirect or entering a room from an adjacent space

baffle

an opaque or translucent element used to shield a lamp from view or to absorb unwanted light

ballast

a device used with HID and fluorescent lamps to establish the circuit conditions necessary to start and operate the lamp

bare lamp

an unshielded light source