Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, and Cell Death Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cellular adaptations, mechanisms of cellular injury, gross patterns of necrosis, apoptosis pathways, free radical pathology, and amyloidosis.

Hypertrophy involves gene activation, protein synthesis, and the production of __________.

organelles

Hyperplasia involves the production of new cells from __________.

stem cells

Permanent tissues such as cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve cannot make new cells and undergo __________ only.

hypertrophy

A notable exception to pathologic hyperplasia progressing to cancer is __________ , which does not increase the risk for prostate cancer.

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

During cellular atrophy, a decrease in cell number occurs via __________.

apoptosis

In ubiquitin-proteosome degradation, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton are tagged with __________ and destroyed by proteosomes.

ubiquitin

Metaplasia most commonly involves the change of one type of __________ epithelium to another.

surface

In Barrett esophagus, acid reflux causes metaplasia from nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium to nonciliated, mucin-producing __________ cells.

columnar

An exception to metaplasia progressing to dysplasia/cancer is __________ metaplasia of the breast, which carries no increased risk for cancer.

apocrine

Vitamin A deficiency leads to metaplasia of the thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva into stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium, a condition known as __________.

keratomalacia

A classic example of mesenchymal tissue metaplasia in which connective tissue within muscle changes to bone after trauma is __________.

myositis ossificans

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis is termed __________.

aplasia

Hypoplasia is defined as a decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a relatively __________ organ.

small

Hypoxemia is defined as a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood with $Pao_2 < 60\,\text{mm Hg}$ and $Sao_2 < 90\%$.

$$Pao_2 < 60\,\text{mm Hg}$$

Decreased blood flow through an organ due to hepatic vein thrombosis is an example of decreased venous drainage known as __________ syndrome.

Budd-Chiari

In carbon monoxide poisoning, $Pao_2$ is normal while $Sao_2$ is __________.

decreased

A classic clinical finding of carbon monoxide exposure is a __________ appearance of the skin.

cherry-red

In methemoglobinemia, iron in heme is oxidized to the $\text{Fe}^{3+}$ state, and treatment involves intravenous __________.

methylene blue

The hallmark of reversible cellular injury is __________.

cellular swelling

The hallmark of irreversible cellular injury is __________ damage.

membrane

During irreversible cellular injury, damage to the mitochondrial membrane leads to the leakage of __________ into the cytosol to activate apoptosis.

cytochrome c

The morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of the nucleus, occurring via nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and dissolution ( __________ ).

karyolysis

Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic infarction of any organ except the __________.

brain

In liquefactive necrosis of the brain, proteolytic enzymes released by __________ cells liquefy the tissue.

microglial

Caseous necrosis exhibits a 'cottage cheese-like' appearance and is characteristic of granulomatous inflammation caused by tuberculous or __________ infection.

fungal

Dystrophic calcification occurs when calcium deposits on dead tissues in the setting of normal serum calcium and __________ levels.

phosphate

Fibrinoid necrosis is characterized microscopically by bright __________ staining of the blood vessel wall.

pink

Apoptosis is an energy-dependent process mediated by __________ that activate proteases and endonucleases.

caspases

In the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, inactivation of __________ allows cytochrome c to leak into the cytoplasm.

Bcl2

In the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, FAS ligand binds to the FAS death receptor, also known as __________ , on the target cell.

CD95

Hydrolysis of water by ionizing radiation leads to pathologic free radical generation, producing the __________ free radical.

hydroxyl

In hepatocytes, carbon tetrachloride ($\text{CCl}_4$) is converted to the $\text{CCl}_3$ free radical by the __________ system.

P450

Impaired apolipoprotein synthesis following $\text{CCl}_4$ exposure leads to __________ change in the liver.

fatty

The enzyme catalase, located in __________ , converts $H_2O_2$ into $O_2$ and $H_2O$.

peroxisomes

All forms of amyloid share a common $\beta\text{-pleated sheet}$ configuration and display apple-green birefringence under polarized light when stained with __________ .

Congo red

Primary amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of AL amyloid, which is derived from immunoglobulin __________ .

light chain

Secondary amyloidosis involves systemic deposition of AA amyloid derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA), which is elevated in __________ .

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

The organ most commonly involved in systemic amyloidosis is the __________ .

kidney

In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II), __________ deposits in the islets of the pancreas.

Amylin

In Alzheimer disease, $A\beta$ amyloid is derived from $\beta\text{-amyloid precursor protein}$, whose gene is located on chromosome __________ .

21

In dialysis-associated amyloidosis, __________ deposits in the joints.

$$\beta_2\text{-microglobulin}$$

In medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, __________ produced by tumor cells deposits as amyloid within the tumor.

Calcitonin