Exam 3

Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer. 1) _______

A) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

B) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater

C) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

D) arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater

E) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater

A) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

2) Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise. A) lumbar enlargement

B) cervical enlargement

C) sacral region

D) conus medullaris

E) thoracic region

B) cervical enlargement

3) The conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal ligament via a strand of fibrous tissue called the 3)

_______

A) denticulate ligament.

B) spinal ligament.

C) filum terminale.

D) meningeal ligament.

E) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

4) Spinal nerves are A) purely motor.

B) both sensory and motor.

C) involuntary.

D) purely sensory.

E) interneuronal.

B) both sensory and motor.

5) The posterior root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of sensory neurons.

B) axons of motor neurons.

C) cell bodies of motor neurons.

D) synapses.

E) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

E) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

6) The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) subarachnoid space.

B) arachnoid mater.

C) dura mater.

D) pia mater.

E) choroid plexus

D) pia mater.

7) Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) arachnoid mater.

B) pia mater.

C) subarachnoid space.

D) filum terminale.

E) dura mater.

C) subarachnoid space.

8) Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as 8) _______

A) nuclei.

B) tracts.

C) commissures.

D) ganglia.

E) horns.

B) tracts.

9) The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) Schwann cells.

B) unmyelinated axons.

C) nodes of Ranvier.

D) neuroglia.

E) myelinated axons.

E) myelinated axons.

10) In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as A) nerves. B) columns. C) nuclei. D) horns. E) ganglia

B) columns.

11) The largest peripheral nerve is the ________ nerve. 11) ______

A) median B) obturator C) femoral D) sciatic E) phrenic

 D) sciatic

12) The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium.

B) epimysium.

C) endomysium.

D) perineurium.

E) epineurium.

E) epineurium.

13) In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? 13) ______

A) cervical B) lumbar C) cranial D) sacral E) brachial

E) brachial

14) The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) supraclaviculars

B) ansa cervicalis

C) phrenic

D) thoracic

E) lesser occipital

C) phrenic

15) Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except A) reverberating.

B) convergent.

C) divergent.

D) parallel processing.

E) multipolar.

E) multipolar.

16) Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. 16) ______

A) visceral

B) intersegmental

C) acquired

10) D) somatic

E) innate

E) innate

17) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. 17) ______

A) flexor

B) reciprocal

C) tendon

D) crossed extensor

E) stretch

C) tendon

18) Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) reciprocal inhibition.

B) reverberating circuits.

C) a crossed extensor reflex.

D) a tendon reflex.

E) a stretch reflex.

A) reciprocal inhibition.

19) Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation, 2) sensory neuron activation,

3) sensory receptor activation, 4) Information processing, 5) effector response. 19) ______

A) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 C) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 D) 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 E) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

A) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5

20) The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. 20) ______

A) tendon

B) crossed extensor

C) stretch

D) reciprocal

E) flexor

B) crossed extensor

21) In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. 21) ______

A) ipsilateral

B) polysynaptic

C) commensual

D) monosynaptic

E) contralateral

D) monosynaptic

22) A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. 22) ______

A) monosynaptic

B) polysynaptic

C) ipsilateral

D) contralateral

E) involuntary

B) polysynaptic

23) The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except A) temperature.

B) touch.

C) taste.

D) pain.

E) vibration

C) taste.

24) The ________ nervous system carries impulses to skeletal muscles. 24) ______

A) afferent

B) sympatheticC) autonomic

D) parasympathetic

E) somatic

E) somatic

25) The heart muscle is a ________ effector. A) sympathetic

B) visceral

C) somatic

D) afferent

E) higher-order

B) visceral

26) The conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called 26) ______

A) transcription.

B) transformation.

C) transpotential.

D) transduction.

E) translation.

D) transduction.

27) Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to 27) ______

A) accessory cells.

B) the fact that they are interoceptors.

C) receptor speciation.

D) receptor specificity.

E) receptor potentials.

D) receptor specificity.

28) Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one

point or two because of the density of the 28) ______

A) effectors.

B) labeled line.

C) receptor fields.

D) perception.

E) action potential.

C) receptor fields.

29) Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch

receptors around your ankle are 29) ______

A) nociceptors.

B) tonic receptors.

C) phasic receptors and fast-adapting.

D) tonic receptors and slow-adapting.

E) phasic receptors and slow-adapting.

C) phasic receptors and fast-adapting.

30) In order for a sensation to become a perception, 30) ______

A) the individual must vocalize about it.

B) it must be received by the somatosensory cortex.

C) it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers.

D) it must be received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.

E) the other senses must be silent.

B) it must be received by the somatosensory cortex.

31) Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS. 31) ______

A) stabilizes

B) decreases

C) neutralizes

D) amplifies

E) increases

B) decreases

32) Which of the following statements is true about general senses? A) They are all mechanoreceptors.

B) They are distributed all over the body.

C) The reception of the stimulus occurs slowly with these receptors.

D) They are located in sense organs.

E) All receptors involved in general sensation consist of free nerve endings

B) They are distributed all over the body.

33) The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a(n) A) sympathetic chain.

B) efferent pathway.

C) labeled line.

D) adaptation pathway.

E) spinocortical line.

C) labeled line.

34) A ________ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse if strong

enough.34) ______

A) presynaptic

B) resting

C) generator

D) postsynaptic

E) refractory

C) generator

35) Sensory neurons that are always active are called ________ receptors. 35) ______

A) phasic B) tonic C) isotonic D) static E) isometric

B) tonic

36) You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any ________ there.

36) ______

A) proprioceptors

B) photoreceptors

C) chemoreceptors

D) thermoreceptors

E) nociceptors

A) proprioceptors

37) Receptors in your stomach that determine when food enters because the pH changes would be classified as 37)

______

A) nociceptors.

B) chemoreceptors.

C) mechanoreceptors.

D) proprioceptors.

E) baroreceptors.

B) chemoreceptors.

38) Free nerve endings detect which stimulus/stimuli? A) deep pressure

B) pain only

C) temperature, pain, stretch and touch

D) chemical

C) temperature, pain, stretch and touch

39) Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________. A) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

B) nociceptors; thermoreceptors

C) baroreceptors; nociceptors

D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors

E) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

E) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

40) Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________. A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors

B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

C) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors

E) baroreceptors; nociceptors

A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors

41) ________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure. A) Proprioceptors

B) Baroreceptors

C) Nociceptors

D) Chemoreceptors

E) Hair cells

B) Baroreceptors

42) Why is it that one cannot identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location can be identified?

42) ______

A) Sensory information from internal organs is processed by a different part of the brain than the joints, bones, and

muscles.

B) Internal organs have no receptors of any kind.

C) The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.

D) Internal organs have no pain receptors.

E) Although internal organs have some receptors, the information is not interpreted by the brain.

C) The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.

43) Sensory neurons synapse in the CNS with an interneuron known as a 43) ______

A) second-order neuron.

B) third-order neuron.

C) efferent neuron.

D) motor neuron.

E) first-order neuron.

A) second-order neuron.

44) Which of the following is true of all the sensory pathways? A) They all synapse in the cerebellum.

B) They all synapse in the thalamus.

C) Axons in each pathway decussate.

D) They all have third-order neurons.

E) They all enter through dorsal roots.

B) They all synapse in the thalamus.

45) Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised

because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain. 45) ______

A) somatic

B) phantom

C) neurogenic

D) referred

E) psychosomatic

D) referred

46) The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the46) ______

A) anterior spinothalamic.

B) posterior spinocerebellar.

C) cuneate fasciculus.

D) gracile fasciculus.

E) lateral spinothalamic

A) anterior spinothalamic.

47) The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a ________ neuron. 47) ______

A) receptor

B) fourth-order

C) first-order

D) second-order

E) third-order

C) first-order

48) Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons. 48) ______

A) receptor

B) fourth-order

C) first-order

D) second-order

E) third-order

E) third-order

49) The sense of proprioception passes along the ________ pathway. A) decussation pathways

B) rubriocerebellar

C) corticospinal

D) ganglion

E) spinocerebellar

E) spinocerebellar

50) The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain? 50) ______

A) red nuclei

B) primary motor cortex

C) midbrain

D) vestibular nuclei

E) somatosensory cortex

B) primary motor cortex

51) Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons. 51) ______

A) lower motor

B) upper motor

C) postganglionic

D) preganglionic

E) somesthetic

A) lower motor

52) Olfactory glands 52) ______

A) regenerate to form new olfactory epithelium.

B) react to aromatic molecules.

C) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.

D) group as olfactory bulbs.

E) house the sense of smell.

C) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.

53) Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? A) cerebellum

B) cerebrum

C) thalamus

D) medulla oblongata

E) pons

B) cerebrum

54) Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to A) open ion channels.

B) be transported to the olfactory bulbs.

C) contact a basal cell.

D) respond to applied pressure.

E) bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites.

E) bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites.

55) Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

A) olfactory bulb.

B) cerebral cortex.

C) medial geniculate.

D) olfactory tract.

E) medulla oblongata.

A) olfactory bulb.

56) The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.

A) hippocampus

B) ethmoid bone

C) gustatory cells

D) basilar membrane

E) olfactory epithelium

E) olfactory epithelium

57) Which of the following types of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex directly?

A) equilibrium

B) hearing

C) visual

D) gustatory

E) olfactory

E) olfactory

58) Our taste buds are most receptive to which of the following types of compounds? 58) ______

A) sweet

B) salty

C) sweet and salty

D) umami

E) bitter

E) bitter

59) As we age 59) ______

A) the number of taste buds increases.

B) the number of taste buds decreases.

C) taste bud sensitivity increases.

D) taste bud sensitivity doubles.

E) the number of taste buds decreases but the number of olfactory receptors increases to compensate.

B) the number of taste buds decreases.

60) Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds? 60) ______

A) fungiform papillae

B) pharynx

C) filiform papillae

D) foliate papillae

E) vallate papillae

E) vallate papillae

61) Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? 61) ______

A) sweet B) salty C) umami D) sour E) peppery

 E) peppery

62) The sense of taste is also known as A) olfaction.

B) sublation.

C) maculation.

D) proprioception.

E) gustation.

E) gustation.

63) The membrane structures that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensations are called

63) ______

A) chemically-gated ion channels.

B) papillae.

C) voltage-regulated ion channels.

D) G proteins.

E) gustatory hairs.

D) G proteins.

64) Tears pass through which of the following structures before emptying into the nasal cavity?

A) scleral venous sinus

B) posterior chamber

C) nasolacrimal duct

D) corneoscleral junction

E) anterior chamber

C) nasolacrimal duct

65) Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A) retina: consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer

B) ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment

C) posterior chamber: between the iris and the lens

D) sclera: covers most of the ocular surface

E) anterior chamber: between the cornea and the iris

B) ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment

66) Which of the following is a function of the pigmented layer of the retina? A) secrete vitreous humor

B) refract light onto the photoreceptors

C) absorb light passing through the neural layer

D) provide eye color

E) house the photoreceptors

C) absorb light passing through the neural layer

67) What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision? 67) ______

A) iris

B) extrinsic eye muscles

C) macula

D) aqueous humor

E) ciliary body

E) ciliary body

68) Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking

together at their edges? 68) ______

A) lacrimal caruncle

B) conjunctiva

C) tarsal gland

D) palpebra

E) chalazion

C) tarsal gland

69) The vitreous body 69) ______

A) circulates through the pupil.

B) is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age.

C) helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.

D) holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.

E) fills the anterior chamber.

C) helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.

70) The shape of the lens is controlled by the 70) ______

A) iris.

B) cornea.

C) pupillary sphincter muscles.

D) ciliary muscles.

E) pupillary radial muscles.

D) ciliary muscles.

71) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the 71) ______

A) fovea.

B) optic disc.

C) outer segment.

D) inner segment.

E) tapetum lucidum.

A) fovea.

72) A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order? 72) ______

A) cornea → aqueous humor → vitreous body → lens → conjunctiva → choroids → retina

B) conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina

C) conjunctiva → cornea → lens → aqueous humor → vitreous body → retina

D) vitreous body → retina → choroids → aqueous humor → lens → conjunctiva → cornea

E) cornea → aqueous humor → conjunctiva → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid

B) conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina

73) Trace the circulation of aqueous humor from the site of production to the site of where it is reabsorbed.

1. posterior chamber

2. anterior chamber

3. ciliary body

4. scleral venous sinus

5. pupil 73) ______

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2 C) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 E) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

D) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 

74) The optic disc is a blind spot because 74) ______

A) the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc.

B) there are no photoreceptors in that area.

C) the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.

D) humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.

E) the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.

B) there are no photoreceptors in that area.

75) The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as 75) ______

A) Fuch's dystrophy.B) a cataract.

C) glaucoma.

D) myopia.

E) macular degeneration.

B) a cataract.

76) ________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. A) Cone B) Amacrine C) Bipolar D) Rod E) Ganglion

 C) Bipolar

77) Amacrine and ________ cells facilitate or inhibit communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells. 77)

______

A) ganglion B) horizontal C) bipolar D) hair E) nuclear

B) horizontal

78) The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of

A) 400 and 700 nm.

B) 200 and 400 nm.

C) 2000 and 2500 nm.

D) 700 and 1000 nm.

E) 100 and 200 nm.

A) 400 and 700 nm.

79) There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated

79) ______

A) red, green, yellow.

B) yellow, red, blue.

C) red, yellow, blue.

D) red, white, blue.

E) red, green, blue.

E) red, green, blue.

80) Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones? 80) ______

A) in mitochondria located in the outer segment

B) in the inner segment of photoreceptors

C) sandwiched in the cell membrane of the photoreceptors

D) inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment

E) inside a photosensitive nucleus

D) inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment

81) The vestibular complex includes the 81) ______

A) auditory ossicles and oval window.

B) vestibule and cochlea.

C) vestibule and semicircular canals.

D) cochlea and tympanic membrane.

E) cochlea and organ of Corti.

C) vestibule and semicircular canals.

82) Between the bony and membranous labyrinth flows ________, while the membranous labyrinth contains ________.

82) ______

A) perilymph; air

B) cerebrospinal fluid; perilymph

C) endolymph; perilymph

D) endolymph; air

E) perilymph; endolymph

E) perilymph; endolymph

83) As the stapes vibrates the oval window, pressure waves first begin 83) ______

A) in the perilymph of the scala tympani.

B) in the endolymph of the cochlear duct.

C) in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

D) in the endolymph of the scala vestibuli.

E) in the endolymph of the scala tympani.

C) in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

84) The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles.

84) ______

A) superficial; deep

B) inner; middle

C) outer; middle

D) middle; inner

E) outer; inner

C) outer; middle

85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane?

A) supports the olfactory organ

B) tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

C) covers over the oval window

D) transmits movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

E) moves up and down due to currents in the perilymph

E) moves up and down due to currents in the perilymph

86) A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would A) be high-pitched.

B) be barely audible.

C) be very loud.

D) damage the tympanic membrane.

E) be low-pitched.

A) be high-pitched.

87) The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the A) ampullary crest.

B) basilar membrane.

C) perilymph.

D) utricles.

E) saccules

A) ampullary crest.

88) Low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells on which part of the basilar membrane? A) area close to the oval window

B) the entire membrane

C) the middle region

D) area close to the round window

E) the distal end

E) the distal end

89) An infection that damages the vestibular nerve could result in a loss of A) visual acuity.

B) equilibrium.

C) olfaction.

D) hearing.

E) hearing and equilibrium.

B) equilibrium.

90) The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. What is the proper sequence

for these steps?

1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window.2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus.

3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve.

4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes.

5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the spiral organ to vibrate against the tectorial membrane.

6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. 90) ______

A) 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3

B) 2, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3

C) 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 1

D) 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3

E) 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3

E) 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3