EXAM 1- John O'Reilly-ZOO 251

layers of pericardium

parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium, pericardial fluid

epicardium

visceral pericardium (C)

Myocardium

heart muscle (A)

endocardium

atria and ventricles (B)

Chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

myocardial vortex

Formed by a spiraling pattern of cardiac muscle cells

antrioventricular valves

valves between the atria and ventricles

Right AV valve

tricuspid

Left AV

bicuspid/mitral

semilunar valves

valves between ventricles and pulmonary arteries & aorta

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic

left coronary artery (LCA)

anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending) & circumflex branch

right cornary artery (RCA)

right marginal branch & posterior interventricular branch

which are the major branches of your left coronary artery (LCA)?

(a) anterior interventricular (LAD) branch & circumflex branch

(b) right marginal branch & posterior interventricular branch

(c) both a and b

(d) neither a nor b

(a) anterior interventricular (LAD) branch & circumflex branch

the valves in your heart that are found between your atria and ventricles are called?

(a) tricuspid

(b) mitral

(c) bicuspid

(d) both a and b

(e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Blood flow of the heart

1. Superior Vena Cava/Inferior

2. R. atrium

3. tricuspid valve

4. R. ventricle

5. pulmonary valve

6. pulmonary artery to the lungs

7. Pulmonary veins from the lungs

8. L. atrium

9. bicuspid valve

10. L. ventricle

11. aortic valve

12. body

Cardiac Physiology

electrical and mechanical pacemaker potential and sinoatrial node

pacemaker potential

slow Na+ inflow (if funny current) through HCN channels

Cardiac Action Potential

1) Rapid depolarization due to Na+ influx

2)*Plateau Stage due to slow Ca+ influx (responsible for the refractory period)*

3) Repolarization due to K+ efflux - RMP reestablished

Conduction pathway of the heart

1. SA node

2. AV node

3. Bundle of His

4. Bundle branches

5. Purkinje fibers

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

internodal pathway

fast

Atroventricular Node

slowest

Bundle of His

fast

bundle branches

faster

Purkinje fibers

fastest

cardiocytes

striated, intercalated discs, gap junctions

intercalated discs

connections between cardiac muscle cells

gap junctions

electrically coupled cardiocytes

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Systole

Contraction of the heart

filling

-diastole

-no change in pressure

-increase in volume

isovolumetric contraction

-systole

-no change in volume

-increase in pressure

ejection

-systole

-increase in pressure

-decrease in volume

isovolumetric relaxation

-diastole

-no change in volume

-decrease in pressure

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

PR interval

AV node delay & atrial contraction

ST segment

time during which ventricles are contracting and emptying

TP interval

ventricles relaxing and filling

what happens if PR interval longer than 0.2s?

then AV conduction block

what happens if the ST interval is too short or long?

then ventricular ischemia or hypoxia

what happens if the QT interval is too long?

then tachyarrhythmias

cardiac output

stroke volume x heart rate

increased heart rate

tachycardia

decreased heart rate

bradycardia

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic

increases heart rate

Parasympathetic

decreases heart rate

Stroke volume is directly proportional to what?

-End Diastolic Volume (EDV, aka, preload)

-strength of ventricle contraction

Stroke volume is inversely proportional to what?

-Peripheral Resistance (after load)

sympathetic

norepinephrine

Parasympathetic

acetylcholine

sympathetic

depolarization

Parasympathetic

hyperpolarization

Baroreceptors

carotid sinus (IX) & aortic arch (X)

Chemoreceptors

aortic bodies (vagus X) & carotid bodies (glossopharyngeal IX)

Baroceptors

pressure

Chemoreceptors

chemicals

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries

nutrient and waste exchanges with tissues

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

lymphatic system

extracellular fluid uptake & return to circulatory system

layers of artery wall

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa (deep to superficial)

tunica interna (intima)

-endothelium

-connective tissue

tunica media

-smooth muscle

-collagen

-elastin

tunica externa

connective tissue

Three types of capillaries

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

continuous capillaries

Least permeable (muscle, peripheral nerves)

fenestrated capillaries

medium permeability (kidney, intestines, endocrine glands)

sinusoidal capillaries

most permeable (liver, bone marrow, spleen)

one way valves

prevent backflow of blood

blood reservoir

veins

pressure reservoir

arteries

pulmonary artery

from heart to lungs (oxygen-poor; low O2)

pulmonary vein

from lungs to heart (oxygen-rich; high O2)

brachiocephalic trunk

shoulder & head

R/L common carotid artery

head

R/L subclavian artery

shoulder

ascending aorta

superior

descending aorta

inferior

internal carotid artery

brain

external carotid artery

head

vertebral artery

spinal cord and brain

basilar artery

base of the brain

Circle of Willis

-basilar a.

-internal carotid a.

-anterior & posterior communicating a.

-anterior & posterior cerebral a.

internal jugular vein

brain

Poiseulle's law

shows the relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance

blood flow = difference between P1 and P2/resistance

or Q = delta P/R

Flow is directly proportional to what?

pressure gradient

systolic pressure

peak pressure exerted in arteries when blood is pumped into them during ventricular systole

diastolic pressure

lowest pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is draining into the vessels during ventricular diastole

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

mean arterial pressure

average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

mean arterial pressure

2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic

blood vessel diameter

decreases from arteries to capillaries, then increases in veins

total x-section area

increases from arteries to capillaries then decreases in veins

Blood pressure

decreases from arteries to capillaries to veins