Classification and Types of Research

Flashcards covering research types (quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, and e-research), research designs, methodologies, key definitions, and academic citations from the lecture transcript.

What are the three broad types of research according to design and methodology?

Quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed-method research.

How is quantitative research defined by De Belen (2015)?

It is a traditional, positivist, scientific method referring to a general set order by disciplined procedures to acquire information.

What type of reasoning does quantitative research utilize according to Cristobal & Cristobal (2013)?

Deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world.

What are three examples of empirical observations mentioned in the text?

(1) Checking for the presence or absence of skin inflammation; (2) determining the anxiety level of a patient; (3) measuring the weight of the newborn infant.

What are the four basic types of quantitative research?

Survey Research, Correlational Research, Causal-Comparative Research, and Experimental Research.

What is the primary purpose of correlational research?

To test for the relationship between two variables to better understand conditions of events and predict future conditions and events, noting that correlation does not always mean causation.

How does causal-comparative research examine variables?

It looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship by comparing how different groups are affected by the same circumstance without focusing on their relations.

How do Campbell & Stanley, as cited in Nieswiadomy (2024), define internal validity and external validity?

Internal validity is the degree to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable. External validity is the degree to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to extraneous variables.

What are the three categories of experimental designs?

True Experimental Designs, Quasi-Experimental Designs, and Pre-Experimental Designs.

According to Johnson (2007), what are examples of non-experimental categories that cannot be manipulated?

Gender, parenting style, learning style, ethnicity, retention in grade, and others.

What are the nine types of non-experimental designs listed in the text?

Action Studies, Comparative Studies, Developmental Studies, Evaluation Studies, Meta-Analysis Studies, Methodological Studies, Needs Assessment Studies, Secondary Analysis Studies, and Survey Studies.

According to Sanchez (2003), why is qualitative research considered naturalistic in nature?

Because it deals with understanding human behavior in a natural setting and studies human behavior and the reasons that govern it.

What are three limitations of qualitative research outlined in the text?

It is reductionist, it involves subjective naturalistic inquiry that can cause concerns about conclusions, and it usually involves a relatively small group of people.

What is the purpose of phenomenology in qualitative research?

To describe experiences as they are lived and examine the uniqueness of an individual's lived situations.

What are the main steps a researcher takes during data collection in ethnographic research?

The researcher gains entrance to the culture, immerses self in the culture, acquires informants, and gathers data through direct observation and interaction with subjects.

What is the difference between primary and secondary sources in historical research?

Primary sources are direct physical evidence or original records (e.g., diaries, eyewitness accounts, photos), while secondary sources are second-hand information or abstracts of original materials.

What is the difference between internal criticism and external criticism in historical research?

Internal criticism establishes authenticity or originality by checking consistency of information, whereas external criticism analyzes physical aspects such as printed materials, ink, paper texture, layout, and age.

How does Sanchez (2002) define a case study?

A comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over a period of time.

What are the three phases of a qualitative study as cited by Polit (2006)?

1) Orientation and Overview, 2) Focused Exploration, and 3) Confirmation and Closure.

How do Johnson & Onwuegbuzie (2004) define mixed method research design?

The class of research where the researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques.

What is the difference between Mixed Method Research and Mixed Model Research?

Mixed Method Research uses a qualitative paradigm for one phase and a quantitative paradigm for another phase, while Mixed Model Research mixes both qualitative and quantitative approaches within a single stage or across stages.

What are the five major rationales for conducting mixed methods research?

Triangulation, Complementarity, Initiation, Development, and Expansion.

How does Katigbak (2006) define triangulation in mixed methods research?

Seeking convergences and corroboration of results from different methods and designs studying the same phenomenon.

According to Lynch in Goldenberg-Hart (2004), how has the role of libraries changed in research?

It changed from acquiring scholarly published materials to managing scholarship in collaboration with researchers who develop and use data.

What is e-research?

The application of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) to the practice of research, linking people to resources and enabling high-performance collaborative research.

What is cyber infrastructure and what role does 'grid' play in it?

Cyber infrastructure refers to the computing and network infrastructure enabling research environments; grid is a crucial element enabling the sharing of data repositories, computing power, and knowledge services.

What is middleware in the context of e-research?

Software that provides standard community tools and services for knowledge management and knowledge sharing.

According to Appelbe and Bannon (2007), what makes e-research projects distinct?

They do not just use IT technology; they are reliant on IT technology and organizational support to achieve research outcomes.

How do e-research and traditional research differ regarding participants and networking?

E-research uses diversely skilled, distributed research teams and is reliant on the internet and middleware; traditional research uses an individual researcher or small local team and is not reliant on the internet.