Proteins and Gene Regulation

These flashcards cover essential definitions and concepts relating to proteins, gene regulation, and cancer mechanisms based on lecture notes.

Translation

The process of converting the information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to assemble proteins.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different types, each with unique side chains that determine their properties.

Peptide Bonds

Links formed between the amino end of one amino acid and the carboxyl end of another, forming a polypeptide chain.

N-terminus

The end of a polypeptide chain that has a free amino group.

C-terminus

The end of a polypeptide chain that has a free carboxyl group.

Protein Domains

Structural units of proteins that can fold independently and have specific functions.

Initiation Codon

The codon at which translation begins, typically AUG, which also codes for methionine.

Polyribosomes

Clusters of ribosomes translating the same mRNA simultaneously to produce multiple protein copies.

Post-transcriptional Regulation

Control of gene expression after mRNA has been synthesized, influencing mRNA stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Alternative Splicing

A process in which different combinations of exons are joined together to create multiple mRNA variants from a single gene.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)

RNA molecules that regulate gene expression without being translated into protein.

CRISPR/Cas9

A powerful gene-editing tool that allows for targeted modifications in the genome.

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that promote cancer by driving uncontrolled growth and survival of cells.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally inhibit cell division; their inactivation leads to uncontrolled cell growth.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Control mechanisms in the cell cycle that ensure progression only occurs when specific conditions are met.

Tumor Microenvironment

The surrounding normal tissue that supports tumor growth and progression, including ECM and various cell types.