Psychology Modern Perspectives, Research Methods, and Ethics p4

Flashcards covering psychological perspectives, cognitive biases, research methodology, correlation vs. causation, and research ethics.

Psychoanalysis

A modern psychological perspective that focuses on the unconscious mind.

Behaviorism

A modern psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior and learned interaction.

Humanism

A modern psychological perspective that focuses on potential personal growth.

Biological Perspective

A modern psychological perspective that explores how physical structures shape behavior and mental processes.

Evolutionary Perspective

A modern psychological perspective focused on how mental processes and behavior are shaped over time.

Cognitive Perspective

A modern psychological perspective that explores internal mental processes like thinking and memory.

Hindsight Bias

A limitation of intuition where a person thinks they would have guessed an outcome after learning about it.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to interpret or favor information that matches your belief.

Illusory Correlation

A false connection perceived between two variables.

Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure that ranges from $-1.0$ to $+1.0$ ($r = -1.0$ to $+1.0$) expressing the extent of mutual association.

Case Study

A study type involving an in-depth examination of a person or group.

Naturalistic Observation

A study type where researchers watch subjects in their natural setting without interfering.

Meta-Analysis

A study type that statistically analyzes combined large sets of data from multiple studies.

Correlation

A statistical measure expressing the extent to which two variables are mutually associated; it cannot show causation.

Experiment

The only research method that can show causation.

Informed Consent

An ethical requirement where research participants must be told enough information to allow them to choose whether they want to participate.

Confidentiality

An ethical requirement stating researchers should not use participants' names in their published work.

Debriefing

An ethical procedure where, if deception is used, researchers explain the purpose of the study and reveal any deceptions to participants.

Right to Withdraw

An ethical rule stating that participants should be allowed to end their participation at any time.

Protect from Harm

An ethical requirement ensuring participants are protected from physical and mental harm.

No Coercion

An ethical requirement ensuring participant choices are voluntary and not influenced by pressure or threats.

Informed Assent

A minor participant's agreement to participate in a study, required in addition to parental consent.