Psychology Unit 2 AOS 1

The Halo effect

The tendency to allow our overall positive impression of a person or our positive impression of a specific quality, to influence our beliefs and expectation about the person in other qualities

Social Cognition

How individuals perceive, think about and use information to understand and make judgements about themselves and others in different social situations

Person Perception

The mental process used to think about and evaluate other people

Physical Cues

Body Language, Physical appearance, Behaviour

Salience Detection

refers to the tendency to notice physical characteristics that are distinctive, prominent, unique or stand out in its context and therefore draws attention.

Social Catergoristation

The process of classifying people into different groups on the basis on common characteristics.

Attribution

The process in which we explain the cause of our own or another persons behavior.

Internal/External Attribution

Internal-an explanation of behavior due to the characteristics of the person involved.

External-an explanation of behavior due to factors associated with the situation the person is in

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors

Actor-observer bia

The tendency to attribute your own behavior to external or situational factors while attributing others behavior to internal or personal factors.

Self-serving bias

when judging ourselves the tendency to take credit for our successes and attribute failures to external factors

Attitudes

An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group event or issue.

Tricomponent model

Affective component- emotional reaction or feeling

Behavioral component- a way in which our attitude is expressed-

Cognitive component- the beliefs and individual has

Stereotypes

A generalization made about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group.

Social Stigma

Negative attitudes or beliefs that lead people to fear, exclude or avoid against people.

Cognitive Dissonance

an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is inconsistency among there various beliefs, attitudes or other cognitions.

Cognitive Bias

a mistaken way of thinking that leads to systematic errors of judgement and faulty decision making.

Conformation Bias

The tendency to recall, seek or interpret information in a way that agrees with existing beliefs while failing to seek contradictory advice.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency only after an event has occurred to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been forseen.

Dunning-Kreuger effect

cognitive bias where people overestimate their knowledge or ability in areas they have little to no knowledge or ability.

Predjudice

A negative attitude towards another person or social group, formed in advance off any experience with that person or group.

Old-Fashioned/Modern prejudice

Old-Fashioned- a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members, and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognizable.

Modern-a form of prejudice that tends to be subtle and hidden.

Explicit/Implicit prejudice

Explicit-consciously held and usually deliberately thought about.

Implicit- unconsiously held so the individual is usually unaware of it.

Discrimination

when a person or social group is treated differently than others.

Direct/Indirect Discrimination

Direct- when someone treats another person unfavorably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law

Indirect-unreasonable requirement, condition or practice that disadvantages a person because of a personal characteristic.