Kinesiology Test 1 Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering Kinesiology Test 1 notes, including kinesiological principles, bone landmarks, joint classifications, fracture types, end feels, and pathologies.

Ostekinematics

The motion of bones or limbs through space

Arthrokinematics

The movement that occurs between joint surfaces

Open kinetic chain

Distal segment is free to move, while proximal segment remains fixed

Close kinetic chain

Distal segment is fixed, while proximal segment is free to move

Uniaxial

1 plane, 1 axis, 1 degree of freedom

Biaxial

2 planes, 2 axis, 2 degrees of freedom

Triaxial

3 planes, 3 axis, 2 degrees of freedom

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right, Frontal axis

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back, sagittal axis

Transverse/horizontal plane

Divides body into top and bottom, vertical axis

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Inferior

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or the point of origin

Distal

Farther from the trunk or the point of origin

Cranial

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail or inferior end of the body

Flexion and Extension

Occur in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis

Abduction and Adduction

Occur in the frontal plane about a sagittal axis

Medial and Lateral Rotation

Occur in the horizontal plane about a vertical axis

Compression (Approximation)

Forces that push joint surfaces closer together

Traction (Distraction)

Forces that pull joint surfaces apart

Shear

Occurs when two surfaces slide across one another or in opposite directions

Bending

Results in compression on one side and traction on the other

Torsion

A twisting force involving a rotational component

Newton's first law

Object either stays at rest or remains in motion until acted upon by an external force

Newton's second law

The relationship between force, mass, and acceleration

Newton's third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Equilibrium and stability

Altered by center of mass, base of support, and line of gravity

First-Class Lever

The axis is located between the force and the resistance (e.g., The head on the neck, Balance)

Second-Class Lever

The resistance is located between the axis and the force (e.g., A heel raise, Strength and Power)

Third-Class Lever

The force is located between the axis and the resistance (e.g., A biceps curl, Speed and Distance; most common)

Axial Skeleton

Central core of the body (skull, vertebral column, sacrum, ribs, sternum)

Appendicular skeleton

Appendages that extend from the axial skeleton (everything else)

Foramen

A hole in the bone (e.g., foramen magnum at the base of the skull allowing the spinal cord to exit the brain)

Fossa

A depression in the bone, such as the supraspinatus fossa on the scapula

Groove

A narrow channel, like the bicipital groove, which allows tendons to slide through

Meatus

A passageway or opening, such as the auditory meatus (ear hole)

Sinus

Hollow cavities within the skull that prevent it from becoming too heavy and can become site of infection

Condyle

A rounded, knuckle-like projection, found on the distal end of the femur

Eminence

A projecting part, such as the intercondylar eminence of the tibia

Head (bone feature)

A rounded projection, such as the humeral head or femoral head

Crest

A sharp ridge, such as the iliac crest (the hip bone ridge), which is sensitive to impact and serves as a muscle attachment site

Epicondyle

A prominence located above or below a condyle, such as the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur

Line (bone feature)

A ridge less prominent than a crest, like the linea aspera (gluteal aspera) on the posterior femur

Spine (bone feature)

A sharp, slender projection, such as the scapular spine

Tubercle

A small, rounded projection, such as the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Tuberosity

A large, rounded projection (e.g., the ischial tuberosity or 'sit bones', which is significantly larger than a tubercle)

Trochanter

A very large, blunt projection found only on the femur (e.g., the greater trochanter on the lateral side)

Long Bones

Length exceeds width; examples include the femur, tibia, humerus, and phalanges (fingers)

Short Bones

Generally equal in height and width; examples include the carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle/foot bones)

Flat Bones

Broad and thin structures, such as the scapula

Irregular Bones

Bones with complex shapes, such as the vertebrae

Sesamoid Bones

Small bones embedded within tendons, such as the patella (kneecap)

Avulsion Fracture

Attachment sites of tendons or ligaments separate from the body of the bone

Closed Fracture

Bone fractured, skin intact

Comminuted Fracture

The bone shatters into multiple fragments or pieces

Complete fracture

Total separation of the bone

Incomplete fracture

Fracture does not disrupt complete cross section of bone

Complicated Fracture

Bone fracture, injuring surrounding tissues such as muscles, organs, nerves, or arteries

Compression Fracture

Bone is compressed; high force compression causes shattering into fragments, while low force compression may cause 'telescoping' (collapse)

Greenstick Fracture

Bone is bent on one side and separated on opposite side (common in pediatrics)

Hairline/Stress Fracture

A minor break with no separation of bone fragments

Overriding Fracture

Fracture in which segments slide past each other

Open (Compound) Fracture

Skin punctured or torn as a result of the fracture

Simple Fracture

Involves only one bone

Spiral Fracture

Fracture line has spiral shape as it encircles bone

Spontaneous Fracture

Occurs without clear trauma

Transverse

Fracture perpendicular to long axis of the bone

Osteoporosis

A loss of bone mass or thinning of the bone due to mineral depletion

Osteopenia

Reduced bone mass that has not yet reached the threshold of osteoporosis

Osteomyelitis

A bacterial infection within the bone

Legg-Calv)-Perthes Disease

A pediatric condition involving blood supply interruption to the epiphyseal plate

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

A displacement occurring at the epiphyseal plate in younger populations

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

A painful pediatric condition caused by repetitive overuse where the quadriceps tendon pulls at its attachment site on the tibial tuberosity

Diaphysis

The long, central shaft of the bone

Epiphysis

The expanded ends of the bone

Metaphysis

The region located between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Epiphyseal Plate

Known as the growth plate, this is where longitudinal growth occurs

Periosteum

The membrane that surrounds the external surface of the bone

Endosteum

The membrane lining the internal medullary canal where bone marrow is found

Fibrous Joints

Bound by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity

Suture Joints

Found exclusively in the skull

Ligamentous Joints

Allow minimal twisting motion while prioritizing high stability (e.g., distal tibiofibular joint located directly superior to the ankle mortise)

Interosseous Membrane Joints

a wide sheet of flexibile, fibrous connective tissue that binds two parallel bones together while allowing slight movement

Gomphosis Joints (peg in socket)

articulations fixing teeth or fingers into bony sockets

Cartilaginous Joints

Bound by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, containing fixed or non-fixed intervertebral discs

Ligaments

connect bone to bone

Joint Capsule

An outer fibrous envelope completely encapsulating the joint

Synovial Membrane

a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inside of joint capsuals and makes a slippery fluid to help them move smoothly

Synovial Fluid

A clear to light-yellow fluid floating within the joint cavity space that provides minor shock absorption

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage)

Highly smooth, slick, and shiny surface that minimizes friction and shields underlying subchondral bone from wear

Soft End Feel

Approximating muscle bellies or soft tissues coming into contact (e.g., normal elbow)

Firm End Feel (Tissue Stretch)

Tension from stretched capsule, ligaments, or surrounding muscle-tendon units (e.g., knee extension and shoulder flexion)

Hard End Feel (Bony)

Direct bone-to-bone contact (e.g., elbow extension)

Empty End Feel

Movement is stopped because the patient experiences severe pain (e.g., acute severe inflammatory conditions, joint fractures, or acute bursitis)

Boggy (Soggy) End Feel

Soft, spongy, wet, or squishy resistance at the end of range due to fluid buildup or edema within the joint space