Lecture 4 Notes

What is Virus cures blindness?

add correct gene sequence to retinal cells and hope that the new protein overwhelms the broken protein

What is Treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

add engineered gene sequence to patient own T lympocytes to enable them to recognize and attack cancerous lymphocytes

What is Sickle-Cell Anemia Cure?

add corrected hemoglobin gene to blood stem cells and implant back into patient

What is Cure Epidermolysis bullosa?

insert corrected cell surface gene into epidermal cells grow thin skin and transplant on patient

What is the first step for Virus Replication?

Attachement

What is the second step for Virus Replication?

Entry

What is the third step for Virus Replication?

uncoating exposes the viral nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

What is the fourth step for Virus Replication?

nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis

What is the fifth step for Virus Replication?

budding

What are the three Subphases of Interpahse

• G1

• Synthesis

• G2

  • G0

What does G1 do?

Growth

What does Synthesis do?

growth and DNA synthesis

What is G2?

growth and final preparation for division

What are Mitosis 5 subphases?

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

• Cytokinesis

What is interphase?

total period from cell formation to cell division

What is Prophase?

separation of copied DNA

• chromsomes condense

• nuclear membrane breaks down

• Spindles (microtubules) start to form

What is Metaphase?

When they line up in the middle

What is Anaphase?

pulling the chromosome apart

What is Telophase?

is the forming off two cells and spliting it into two

What is Cytokinesis?

is when your divide the organelles

What is a Tumor?

abnormal proliferation of cells that serve no purpose

What is Benign Tumor?

noncancerous and cells do not invade other tissues

What are the treatments for Benign tumors?

often is simple observation cut out or kill tumor cells

What is Malignant Tumor?

Cancerous tumor and it does invade other tissues and proliferate (metastasize)

What are the treatments for Malignant Tumors?

cut out or kill cancer cells

What is the killing method for Cancerous cells?

• prevent mitosis (prevent spindle formation with chemicals)

• damage DNA (radiation and chemicals)

• starve cells of nutrients (chemical)

What is Apoptosis?

programmed cell death

• common feature of development

• can be induced by hypoxia, low pH, low growth factors

• is reversible

• can lead to necrosis

What is Autophagy?

‘self-eating’

• during periods of starvation cell may consume their own macromolecues to make ATP

• is reversible

• remove damaged or unused macromolecules or organelles (use of lysosomes)

• can lead to necrosis

What is Necrosis?

form of cell injury resulting in cell death

• chemical or physical damage that results in cell death

• apoptosis and autophagy can lead to necrosis

• is nonreversible