Week 7: Musculoskeletal System

Arthroscopy

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a small camera called an arthroscope to visualize and treat problems within a joint.

Arthrocentesis

A medical procedure involving joint fluid aspiration using a needle and syringe to diagnose and treat joint conditions like arthritis or infection.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint, where the bones are misaligned but still in contact. Can cause pain, limited range of motion, and muscle spasms.

Avascular Necrosis

A condition where bone tissue dies due to poor blood supply, leading to bone collapse and joint damage.

Repetitive Strain Injury

A condition caused by repetitive movements or overuse of muscles, tendons, and nerves. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and weakness in the affected area.

Open Fracture

A type of bone fracture where the broken bone pierces through the skin, increasing the risk of infection and complications.

Closed Fracture

A type of bone fracture where the broken bone does not pierce through the skin. It is also known as a simple fracture.

Displaced Fracture

A fracture where the broken ends of the bone are separated and no longer aligned. This can lead to a visible deformity and may require realignment or surgical intervention for proper healing.

Non-Displaced Fracture

Type of fracture where the bone is cracked or broken but still in alignment.

Complete Fracture

type of bone fracture where the bone is completely broken into two or more pieces.

Incomplete Fracture

A fracture that does not completely break the bone. It involves a crack or a partial break in the bone, but the bone remains intact.

Colles Fracture

Fracture of the distal radius, often caused by a fall on an outstretched hand. Characterized by a "dinner fork" deformity. Common in elderly individuals.

Traction Fracture

Application of a pulling force to an injured or diseased part of the body or extremity while counteraction pulls in the opposite direction.

Skin Traction

A non-invasive method of applying traction to a limb using adhesive strips attached to the skin. It helps reduce pain, align fractures, and correct deformities. 2.3-4.5 kg of pull weight

Skeletal Traction

Method of immobilizing a fractured bone by inserting pins or wires into the bone and attaching weights to provide steady and continuous traction. 2-20 kg of pull weight

Compartment Syndrome

Condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment restricts blood flow, leading to tissue damage and nerve compression. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, and decreased sensation or weakness. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent permanent damage.

Internal Fixation

Surgical method to stabilize fractured bones using implants like plates, screws, or rods. Helps promote healing and maintain alignment of broken bones.

EXTERNAL FIXATION

A method of immobilizing broken bones using pins and screws secured outside the body. Used when traditional casts are not feasible or effective.

Osteomyelitis

Infection and inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, often caused by bacteria. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and fever. Treatment involves antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery to remove infected tissue.

Zimmer Splint

Device used to immobilize and stabilize fractured bones. Consists of metal pins or screws inserted into the bone, connected to an external frame.

Arthroplasty

Surgical procedure that replaces a damaged joint with an artificial joint. Used to relieve pain and improve mobility in conditions like arthritis or joint injuries.

Hemiarthroplasty

Surgical procedure replacing half of a joint with an artificial implant. Commonly used for hip fractures or severe arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and potential joint deformity.

Rheumatoid Nodules

Small, firm lumps found under the skin in people with rheumatoid arthritis. They commonly appear near joints and pressure points, like elbows and fingers.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Diagnostic tests for __________

RF found in 80%

ESR elevated

C-reactive protein elevated

Synovial fluid analysis

X-ray not conclusive in early stages

DMARDs

Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune system and reducing inflammation.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease causing pain, stiffness, and loss of function. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down over time.

Secondary Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints, not related to aging. It occurs as a result of previous joint injury, obesity, or a genetic predisposition.