pathology week1

Rudolf Virchow

____ believed that disease was due to one diseased cell creating another diseased cell

Virchow’s cellular theory of disease

premised on the concept that changes to cells, whether originating from within the cell or outside the cell, are the cause of disease.

All deaths can be classified into one of the following three categories by cause:

1. Deaths due to disease-causing microorganisms like those that cause AIDS, tuberculosis, or the flu.

2. Deaths due to degenerative pathological disorders like heart disease or strokes.

3. Deaths due to by-products of the social environment as in the cases of suicide, murder, or vehicular accidents.

pathology

the study of suffering

etiology

underlying causes

pathogenesis

the mechanism that results in the manifestations of signs and symptoms in the body

general pathology

deals with the study of the widespread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, and repair, without reference to particular organs or organ systems.

special pathology

deals with the specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ systems

systemic pathology

special pathology is also referred to as ____

autopsy

frequently an investigation into the circumstances of a person’s death for the purposes of legal issues

necropsy

autopsy is also known as a ___

necropsy provides the community with three important pieces of information:

1. autopsies confirm or alter the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

2. advance medical knowledge and research.

3. are routinely used to assist in medicolegal cases to determine the identification

burn

involves the destruction of skin cells and sometimes the underlying structures of muscle, subcutaneous tissues, or bone

Rule of Nines

BURNS

Assuming that the body surface area is 100 percent,

then the head is 9 percent,

the upper extremities are each 9 percent,

the front of the torso is 18 percent,

the back is 18 percent,

each of the lower extremities is 18 percent,

and the genitals are 1 percent.

first-degree burns

also referred to as superficial burns, the skin is red without blisters.

second-degree burn

partial-thickness burn, the skin is moist, red, and blistered. Second-degree burns eventually heal without scarring.

Third-degree burns

are characterized by necrosis of the epidermis and the dermis. There are no blisters, and the lesions may also appear charred, with brown or black discoloration. heal with a scar.

fourth-degree burns

there are incineration injuries extending deep into the tissues. Deaths due to flames may include large areas of these burns in which entire tissues are evacuated, which means that they were entirely consumed by the fire. Cremation is an example of total soft-tissue evacuation and would be classified as a fourth-degree burn.

Bullets produce tissue damage in three ways:

1. Laceration and crushing

2. Cavitation

3. Shock waves

Stab wounds

produced by pointed instruments, and most such wounds causing death are the result of homicides.

• The edges of the wound in the skin are typically sharp.

Laceration and crushing bullet wounds

primarily hand guns , low velocity bullets - less than 1,000 ft per second

cavitation bullet wounds

cavity caused by the path of the bullet combined with the continued forward acceleration of the tissue in the wake of the bullet which stretches out the wound

shock waves bullet wounds

tissues compresses that travel ahead and to the sides of the bullet - they only last a few micro seconds causing little tissue damage at low velocity

have more wounding potential at a greater distance

Bullets fired from military and hunting rifles ________ than do handguns and shotguns.

incision

clean cut through the skin

incisions

Stab wounds are usually referred to as _____

lacerations

have jagged edges and result from a tear in the skin due to blunt force

shape of the stab wound

determined by both the shape of the blade and the properties of the skin

If the skin is stretched during the stabbing:

the wound will have a short, broad appearance when the skin relaxes

If a stab wound crosses Langer’s lines:

the skin will pull apart at the edges of the wound creating a gaping wound.

Stab wounds associated with twisting of the weapon or movement of the victim:

typically produce a Y- or L-shaped wound on the skin.

disease

A pathological condition of the mind or body

A condition marked by subjective complaints, a specific history, and clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory or radiographic findings

Recognizable by certain patterns of deviation from health

sign of disease

The objective disturbances produced by disease that could be observed by other people

symptoms

subjective disturbances caused by specific disease that are felt or experienced only by the patient but are not directly measurable

The concept of disease

Usually tangible or measurable

concept of illness

Associated with pain, suffering or distress - is highly individual in person

disorder

Typically, a measure of specific changes associated with a pathological condition

illness

The signs and symptoms of disease are indicated by the term___

disease ; illness

it is possible for someone to have a ____ and experience no ____

complications

any unfavorable conditions arising during the course of a disease are referred to as ______ and they manifest either sign or symptoms

lifespan

Refers to the oldest age to which human beings can survive

longevity

refers to a person‘s life expectancy; varies among countries due largely to social causes

66 years

The average life expectancy for the world

predisposing condition

elements of diseases that make one person more likely to suffer injury than another person

Make someone more likely to develop illness , while immediate cause of disease directly results in illness

age

a predisposing condition to illness ; because certain diseases are more likely to occur among certain __ groups

ex: measles tend to not really affect the elderly : as Alzheimer disease do not tend to affect kids

sex-based predisposition

more complicated than simple differences in anatomy, however it is widely known that women tend to outlive men.

men are more likely to die from accidents, gunshot wounds, and addiction related causes such as alcohol, tobacco, and drugs

immediate causes of illness

Trauma, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, deficiencies of essential substances, and allergens

traumas

Include such events as gunshot wounds, automobile, accidents, and blunt force injuries that might result from being struck with a baseball bat or similar object

Physical agents

examples are temperature such as: hyperthermia and sunburns; hypothermia and frostbite

Chemical agents

Poisonous to the human body;

ex: children frequently, accidentally ingest household cleaners, eating lead -based paint chips, sniffing glue, aerosols, and spray paint

intoxication

intoxication

A state of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance

infectious agents

Can be spread from one person to another through various means and are a leading cause of death throughout the world