Unit 1 Super Flashcards

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Sui Dynasty

(589-618) Collapse of Han dynasty, succeeded by regional kingdoms; Yang Jian consolidated control of all of China, initiated ____; massive building projects including miliatry labor and conscripted labor

Grand Canal

Intended to promote trade between north and south China (most Chinese rivers flow west-east); Emperor Sui Yangdi (r. 604-618) linked a network of earlier ___ to make 2000 km of it with roads on either side

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor under Sui dynasty, and rebellion prompted by military failures in Korea. Emperor Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618 and the ____ was initiated

Achievements of Tang Dynasty

Transportation and communications (extensive postal, courier services, equal field system which worked well until 8th century

Tang Taizong

Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649), who murdered his two brothers and thrust his father aside to take the throne; he was a strong ruler who built a capital at Chang’an, instilled law and order, used taxes for low prices, and offered more effective implementation of earlier Sui policies.

Equal Field System

20% of land was hereditary ownership, and 80% was redistributed according to formula (based on family size and land fertility); worked well only until 8th century because of corruption and loss of land to Buddhist monasteries.

Bureaucracy of Merit

Imperial civil service examinations based on Confucian educational curriculum; most candidates advanced through merit, and it made educational opportunity widely available and built loyalty to the dynasty; system remained strong until early twentieth century

Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet

The Tang military took in _____, ______, ________, _______ under one of the largest expansions of China in its history and established tributary relationships with gifts; China was known as the “Middle Kingdom” and used the Kowtow ritual

An Lushan

Former military commander who led rebellion against Tang Dynasty in 755 CE. Although Chang’an was captured, rebellion was crushed by 763 CE.

Tang Decline

Reasons for _____ _____: Governmental neglect, rebellion under An Lushan in 755 CE (Chang’an captured, but rebellion captured by 763 CE), nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang, and _____ continued through 800s with several rebellions until last emperor was finally abdicated in 907

Song Dynasty

(960-1279) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts; military not emphasized; under direction of first emperor, Song Taizu

Song Taizu

First emperor of Song Dynasty who ruled from 960-976 CE. He was a former military leader who was made emperor by the toops, and he instituted a policy of imperial favor for civil servants as well as expanding meritocracy.

Weaknesses of Song Dynasty

_____ of _____: the size of bureaucracy had a heavy drain on the economy, with two peasant rebellions in 12th century and internal inertia preventing reform of bureaucracy; civil service leadership of military lacked training and was unable to contain nomadic attacks, and nomadic Jurchen conquerors forced the dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China

Economic Development of Tang and Song China

Economic development of ______: Vietnamese fast ripening rice (two crops per year); new agricultural techniques, including the use of iron plows, draft animals, soil fertilization, improved irrigation including use of waterwheels, cultivation in difficult terrain including terraced mountainsides

Population Growth

______ happened due to increased agricultural production and an effective food distribution system from transportation networks built by Song and Tang dynasties

Chang’an, two, Southern Song, one million

Urbanization caused _____ to become the world’s most populous city, with ____ million residents; furthermore, the _____ _____ capital was at Hangzhou, with over ____ _____

ancestor worship, foot bindings

Patriarchal structures caused: increased emphasis on _____ ____ (with elaborate grave rituals and extended family gatherings in honor of them), and ___ _____ gaining popularity (increased control by male family members)

Wu Zhao

Ruling from 626-706 CE, she was the only lady emperor and strengthened the civil service system.

porcelain, iron, gunpowder, printing, naval tech

Technological and industrial developments included _______ (chinaware), an increase in ____ production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces (allowed for agricultural tools/weaponry), _______ invented, earlier ____ techniques were refined (leading to movable type by the mid 11th century), and naval tech

letters of credit, paper money, riots, monopoly

The emergence of a market economy resulted in ____ __ ____ to be developed in order to deal with copper coin shortages, essentially working as promissory notes; however, the development of independently produced ____ ____ was not as stable, and ____ occured when not honored. Eventually, the government claimed ______ on production in 11th century.

increasingly, silk, trade, increased

There was an (increasingly/decreasingly) cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities, and Chinese ___ opened up ____ routes, which (increased/decreased) local demands for imported luxury goods.

declining, increasing

During the Tang and Song dynasties, there was a (declining/increasing) confidence in Confucianism after the collapse of the Han dynasty, and (increasing/decreasing) confidence in Buddhism.

Nestorians, Manchaeans, Zoroastrians, Islam

Establishment of Buddhism: There were foreign religions such as…

Dunhuang

Which city transmits Mahayana Buddhism to China?

moral, intellectual, salvation

The attractions of Buddhism in China were ___ standards, _____ sophistication, and _____

large, challenge

Monasteries became (large/small) landowners, helped the poor and needy, and posed a (challenge/supporter) to Chinese cultural tradition

dao, wuwei

Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocabulary, such as dharma as ____ and nirvana as ____

one son

One teaching was: ___ ___ in monastery would benefit the family for ten generations

Chan Buddhism, chan

Buddhism with Chinese characteristics, ____ was a popular Buddhist sect

Buddhism, Daoists, survived

Hostility to ____ from the _____ and Confucianists which led to persecution, but it (died out/survived)

Neo-Confucianism

Buddhist influence on Confucianism; early Confucianism focused on practical issues of politics and morality, but Confucians began to draw influence from aspects of Buddhism in areas of logic and metaphysics

Zhu-Xi

Living from 1130-1200, he was the most prominent neo-Confucian scholar

Silla, tributary

Tang armies conquered much of Korea, but ___ dynasty ((669-935 C.E.) resisted; Korea entered a ____ relationship with China

Kumsong, Neo-Confucianism, Chan Buddhism

Tributary embassies included Korean royal officials and scholars, the Silla kings built a new capital at _____ that modeled on the Tang capital, Korean elite turned to _______; peasants turned to ___ ____

aristocracy

Difference between Korea and China: ______ and royal houses dominated Korea

tributary, Tang

Viet people adopted Chinese agriculture, schools, and thought; _____ relationship with China; when ____ fell, Vietnam gained independence

retained, Vietnam

Many Vietnamese (retained/left) their religious traditions; Women played more prominent roles in _____ than in China

bureaucracy and Buddhism

Chinese influence in Vietnam

Nara Japan

(710-794): The earliest inhabitants of Japan were nomadic peoples from northeast Asia, Ruled by several dozen states by the middle of the first millennium C.E; Inspired by the Tang example, one clan claimed imperial authority over others, built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang’an; Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but maintained their Shinto rites

Heian Japan

(794-1185): Moved to new capital, Heian (modern Kyoto), in 794; Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority; effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family, emperor did not rule, which explains the longevity of the imperial house; Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and political thought

Tale of Genji

_____ was written by a woman, Murasaki Shikibu

equal-field system, Taira and Minamoto, shogun, Kamakura

Decline of Heian: The ____ ____ ____ began to fail, aristocratic clans accumulated most land; ____ and ______, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars; clan leader of Minamoto claimed title _____, military governor: ruled in

________

Kamakura, Muromachi

Medieval Japan was a period of decentralization, with the ______ (1185-1333 C.E.) and _______ (1336-1573 C.E.) periods

samurai

Professional warriors of provincial lords, valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline; observed samurai code called bushido; To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku

Bedouin, China/India, Persia/Byzantium

Arabian peninsula was mostly desert: nomadic _____ people organized in family and clan groups, important in long-distance trade networks between ___/____ and _____/_____

Muhammad

Born in 570 CE to merchant family in Mecca, he began having visions around 610 CE enlightening him with the idea of Allah being the only god (monotheism). He attracted many followers in Mecca, and led his movement into converting the city to Islam. Since his death in 632 CE, his teachings have been recorded in the Quran, and he is considered the final prophet.

Quran

Followers compiled Muhammad’s revelations, work of poetry and definitive authority on Islam, Other works include hadith (sayings and deeds of Muhammad)

Mecca, idolatry

His teachings offended other believers, especially the ruling elite of _____, attacks on greed offended wealthy merchants, attacks on ____ threatened shrines, especially the black rock at Kaaba

hijra

Under persecution, Muhammad and followers fled to Medina, 622 C.E, was the starting point of the Islamic calendar

umma

Cohesive community of Muslims in Medina

seal of prophets

Muhammad called himself the ____ ___ _____ -the final prophet of Allah, held Hebrew scripture and New Testament in high esteem, determined to spread Allah's wish to all humankind

Allah, mosques

Muhammad and his followers conquered Mecca, 630; imposed a government dedicated to _____, destroyed pagan shrines and built _____

Kaaba

The ____ was not destroyed; it became site of pilgrimage in 632

Five Pillars

The ____ ____ of Islam were obligations taught by Muhammad

Sharia

Islamic law inspired by Quran: Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life; through ____, Islam became more than a religion, it became a way of life

Abu Bakr

He was chose to lead as caliph after no clear successor to Muhammad was identified. During his governance, he led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after the death of Muhammad.

Ali

Although there was a disagreement over the selection of a caliph, Ali passed over for Abu Bakr from 656-661 CE. However, he was assassinated along with most of his followers, leading for those remaining to organize a seperate party called “Shia”.

Abu Al-Abbas

He was a Sunni Arab who allied with Shia and non-Arab Muslims and seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia. Additionally, he defeated the Umayyad army by inviting them to a banquet and then killing them. After that, he founded the Abbasid dynasty, where he was the principal authority in dar-al-Islam until 1258 CE.

Harun al-Rashid

Ruling from 786-809 CE, he was the caliph during the high point of the Abbasid Dynasty. Under him, Baghdad was the center of baking, commerce, crafts, and industrial production. There was great cultural activity, as well, and artists and writers were given a large amount of support

Al Ghazali

He was a major Sufi thinker from Persia who believed human reason was too frail to understand the mysteries of the world, and that through devotion as well as guidance from the Quran could humans appreciate the power of Allah.