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Synchronous Message
Sender waits until is has received a response message before continuing
Asynchronous Message
Sender continues without waiting for a response message
msg(par1,par2)
Response Message
msg(par1,par2)
May be omitted if content and location are obvious
att=msg(par1,par2):val
Object Creation
Arrowhead points to the head of the lifeline of the object to be created
Keyword new
Object Destruction
Object is deleted
Large cross (×) at the end of the lifeline
Found message
Sender of a message is unknown or not relevant
Lost message
Receiver of a message is unknown or not relevant
Time-consuming message
Message with duration:
Usually messages are assumed to be transmitted without any loss of time
Express that time elapses between the sending and the receipt of a message
Coregion
To model concurrent events of a single lifeline
Order of event occurrences within a coregion is not restricted
Area of the lifeline to be covered by the coregion is marked by square brackets rotated by 90 degrees
Bad Smells - God Class
One class carries out most of system functionality, others are auxiliary
Bad Smells - Excessive
Excessive Class Length
Excessive Method Length
Excessive Inheritance use
Bad Smells - Excessive Parameter List
e.g., more than 10 parameters in an operation
Bad Smells - Duplicate Code
Sections of identical code in different locations
Bad Smells - Cyclomatic Complexity
High number of logical loop/if conditions in a method
Bad Smells - Too Many Methods
e.g., more than 20 in a class
Bad Smells - Too Many Fields
e.g., more than 20
Bad Smells - Design quality flaws (bad smells)
God Class
Excessive Class Length
Excessive Method Length
Excessive Inheritance use
Excessive Parameter List
Duplicate Code
Cyclomatic Complexity
Too Many Methods
Too Many Fields
x3---op3---> y1
Offered by class Y (because Y objects can do op3)
Called on object y1 (because y1 is being asked to do op3)
Called by object x3 (because x3 is making the request)